tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71478314071775709402024-03-19T08:48:38.132+00:00AusoniusGavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-55709806026810982372023-05-12T07:20:00.003+00:002023-05-12T13:05:48.404+00:00A detail in the manuscript transmission of Sidonius <p><span style="font-family: times;">I still
haven’t made up my mind about Twitter (where I may be found as
@GavinKellyLatin). On the one hand, there is all sorts of useful information
and one discovers that all sorts of people one doesn’t know well or at all are
humane, knowledgeable, and fascinating; on the other hand it reveals and
encourages the posturing, sanctimony, and silliness of many others, and
sometimes things darker than that. The following blogpost is the result of the
positive side. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XFieUVh4oWdVeZxbP0NpWg3AhT3iP6oKxm0ZtpBTIthpAKV1_HlikJkwss98hO2O_0_jV5s8KabSfeDRk_vei_9XT7aLKSgZ-0zoLgtiWBYIwlabyYMyXyRvNc-s8WuZKwwPgxJUBJQSAVA6cWExVJC3Gc-Zm9owjhBeGoab22WQpTho6zJPwejvUQ/s1386/Screenshot%202023-02-05%20at%2022.12.27.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1386" data-original-width="1236" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XFieUVh4oWdVeZxbP0NpWg3AhT3iP6oKxm0ZtpBTIthpAKV1_HlikJkwss98hO2O_0_jV5s8KabSfeDRk_vei_9XT7aLKSgZ-0zoLgtiWBYIwlabyYMyXyRvNc-s8WuZKwwPgxJUBJQSAVA6cWExVJC3Gc-Zm9owjhBeGoab22WQpTho6zJPwejvUQ/w324-h363/Screenshot%202023-02-05%20at%2022.12.27.png" width="324" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">On 5
February ‘Ennius’ (@Red_Loeb) shared an image from a Durham manuscript,
Cathedral Library A.II.4, the bible of William of St Calais, bishop of Durham,
from AD 1096. This bible is said to originate in Normandy, like its owner. On
f. 1v there is a list of the books that the bishop gifted to the library. In a
retweet, my friend and colleague Justin Stover (‘Transmission of the Latin
Classics’ = @OxGTLC), pointed out that it contained references to the works of
Justin and Sidonius. Sure enough, two thirds of the way down you can see a
paragraphus sign (¶) followed by <i>Sidonius Sollius Panigericus</i>. I
forwarded it to Joop van Waarden who reproduced it on the sidonapol.org
website.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">There is a
potential significance to this observation. As Franz Dolveck has shown in his
chapter in the <i>Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris </i>(2020), Sidonius’
works were originally transmitted with the letters first and then the poems
(first panegyrics and then the shorter poems). Most extant manuscripts of
Sidonius begin with the letters and it would be their title that one would
expect to see. Indeed, Dolveck observes that ‘the manuscripts ‘containing only
the poems (which are very few in number) are late and all derive from more
complete manuscripts – in other words, they are the result of an editorial
choice to omit the letters’ (483). So much for the surviving manuscripts, but
Dolveck also shows that at one other point in the transmission a manuscript family
was formed from different sources for letters and poems. This is what he calls
the English family, consisting of six manuscripts from the late eleventh to
early thirteenth centuries: these are Dolveck’s numbers 19, 23, 35, 36, 38, 49:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">-Hereford, Cathedral </span>Library, O. II. 6 (Gloucester, s. XII<sup>2</sup>,
letters only)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">-<span lang="EN-GB">London, British
Library, Royal 4 B. IV (<i>B</i>)<i> </i>(Worcester, s. XII<sup>1</sup>,
complete)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">-Oxford, Bodleian Library, Auct. F. 5. 25 (‘maybe
England’ (Dolveck), ‘French hand’ (Chronopoulos), s. XI<sup>2</sup>, less likely
s. XII<sup>1</sup>, letters 1-5.3 with lacunae)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">-Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 61 (<i>olim</i>
B.N. 6) (s. XII<sup>ex</sup>, letters 3.12 to end and <i>Carm</i>. 1-2)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">-Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawl. G. 45
(England, s. XII, letters and poems with lacunae)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">-Paris<i>, </i>Bibliothèque Nationale de France,
lat. 9551 (<i>F</i>)<i> </i>(England, s. XIII<sup>1/4</sup>, letters and poems)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In this family, the texts of the letters and of
the poems come from separate sources. That of the letters lies fairly low in
the stemma (a few steps below </span><span lang="EL">ζ</span><span lang="EN-GB"> in the stemma below), but that of the poems is
close to the top (</span><span lang="EL">γ</span><span lang="EN-GB">). Indeed, as I have suggested in a recent
article on the paratexts of Sidonius’ poems (Kelly 2022, n. 8) the unity of</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EL">γ</span><span lang="EL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">and
</span><span lang="EL">δ</span><span lang="EL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">for the <i>carmina</i> is not wholly certain and
there is a possibility that </span><span lang="EL">γ</span><span lang="EL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">could
be seen as a separate family.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNLS-oZoSSz6-nxbUqokLOVrJ4mygukyGENz-gLO31KwJjaAu85yR88B4-Vu6Qra2R9ldwpOi_guV79uIHPVNIGVV1vgNEKKXGXDGIE6BZFin4s1l6QAMlwwsMArMsJI5dh83BparxG13vbKSDr-l__gJK6jDxxGCbCWEKnyQHi-fBdcHnV6z4Xh8EGg/s752/Screenshot%202023-05-11%20at%2008.24.30.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="752" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNLS-oZoSSz6-nxbUqokLOVrJ4mygukyGENz-gLO31KwJjaAu85yR88B4-Vu6Qra2R9ldwpOi_guV79uIHPVNIGVV1vgNEKKXGXDGIE6BZFin4s1l6QAMlwwsMArMsJI5dh83BparxG13vbKSDr-l__gJK6jDxxGCbCWEKnyQHi-fBdcHnV6z4Xh8EGg/s320/Screenshot%202023-05-11%20at%2008.24.30.png" width="320" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">The list
from the Durham bible, it may be plausibly conjectured, fills in part of the
story of this family. There was an authoritative text of Sidonius that omitted
the letters and thus began with the Panegyrics. At some point it was combined
with a text of the letters from a less excellent source and the oeuvre thus restored
to its full length. Of course it is possible that the oldest of Dolveck’s
English family, Oxford Auct. F. 5. 25, may not have contained the poems even
before it was reduced to its current state, nor does Hereford O II. 6 contain them (Dolveck does not think any of the rest of the family are descended from these). William of St
Calais’ manuscript, perhaps brought over with the Conqueror, could be either the
source of the poems in this family, or perhaps a descendant or sibling of that
source. At any rate, my main point is that England just after 1066 is <i>exactly
</i>where you would expect to find evidence of a manuscript of Sidonius poems
without the letters; it fits very nicely with Dolveck’s reconstruction.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">Two further
notes. First, the name Sidonius Sollius reverses the order of the two names
Sidonius was most often known by. The manuscripts of the poems waver between
giving the full glory of Sidonius’ nomenclature (Gaius Sollius Modestus
Apollinaris Sidonius) and abbreviating in various ways: Modestus appears only
very occasionally, though across the whole tradition, while some manuscripts
shorten to <i>GSAS</i> or <i>GSMAS</i>. In the English family, the first
panegyric is introduced thus: <i>Gaii Sollii A. Sidonii panigerici dicti
Anthemio augusto bis consuli praefatio incipit</i>. The spelling <i>panigericus</i>,
found in the Durham Bible, is absolutely consistent across the manuscripts of
Sidonius.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">Secondly,
there are other fragmentary or partial manuscripts of Sidonius written in post-conquest
England other those listed above (see Dolveck’s catalogue), and much other
interesting material, including a life of Sidonius by none other than William
of Malmesbury, and many glosses on manuscripts of the letters: Tina
Chronopoulos has very well on written on both topics.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">Works
cited<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">T.
Chronopoulos, ‘</span>Brief lives of Sidonius,
Symmachus, and Fulgentius written in 12th-cent. England?<span lang="EN-GB">’</span> <em>Journal of Medieval Latin</em> 20 (2010),
232<span lang="EN-GB">–2</span>91.<b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">T.
Chronopoulos, ‘Glossing Sidonius in the Middle Ages’, in G. Kelly and J. van
Waarden (eds), <i>The Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris </i>(Edinburgh,
2020), 643–664.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">F. Dolveck,
‘The Manuscript Tradition of Sidonius’, in G. Kelly and J. van Waarden (eds), <i>The
Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris </i>(Edinburgh, 2020), 479–542. [The
first part of this chapter has been made freely available by the publisher
<a href="https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/pub/media/resources/9781474461702_The_Edinburgh_Companion_to_Sidonius_-_Chapter_16.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></span><span lang="EN-GB">] <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">G. Kelly,
‘Titles and Paratexts in the Collection of Sidonius’ Poems’, in A. Bruzzone, A.
Fo, and L. Piacente (eds), <i>Metamorfosi del classico nell’età romanobarbarica
</i>(SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo: Florence, 2021 [2022]), 77–97. [I am not
allowed to post this on my website till five years after publication, but I
will happily send a copy to anybody who e-mails me; my text of the paratexts
can be found on the sidonapol.org website <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion-chapter-3/" target="_blank">here</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: times;">]. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-53201273666981498542022-11-02T05:13:00.029+00:002023-07-24T17:44:13.071+00:00Manuscripts and Early Editions of Ammianus Marcellinus, and How to Find Them<p><span style="text-align: center;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The digitisation of a high proportion of the surviving manuscripts of the Classics is one of the most transformative scholarly developments of the last decades, yet somewhat unsung. I thought it would be useful and interesting to list the manuscripts of Ammianus Marcellinus’ history. Unsurprisingly, the two crucial manuscripts from the Carolingian age, the Fuldensis and the fragmentary Hersfeldensis, are digitised – but so are 12 out of the other 16: it is a pity in particular that the Florence manuscript of Niccolò Niccoli, the first Italian copy and source of many of the rest, is not among them, and the same for the Venice manuscript that once belonged to Cardinal Bessarion and before that was filled with the annotations and corrections of Biondo Flavio. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">After that, I list and give links to the first 20 editions, a round number which takes us down to the immensely useful Variorum edition of Gronovius in 1693. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Manuscripts are assumed to be on vellum/ parchment unless otherwise indicated. To the bibliography on the liked websites you should add, for the Carolingian manuscripts, G.A.J. Kelly and J.A. Stover, ‘The Hersfeldensis and the Fuldensis of Ammianus Marcellinus: A Reconsideration’, <i>Cambridge Classical Journal </i>(2016), 62, 108-129 (available <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26431017" target="_blank">here</a> or <a href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/25514398/Kelly_Stover_CCJ_2016_The_Hersfeldensis_and_the_Fuldensis.pdf">here</a>). Although the Renaissance manuscripts, all of them Italian, are all derived from one of the two Carolingian ones, their study is of legitimate interest in itself. In the steps of Charles Upson Clark’s 1904 <a href="https://archive.org/details/texttraditionam00clargoog" target="_blank">doctoral thesis</a> and the many contributions of Rita Cappelletto in the 1970s and 1980s, I should signal the splendid doctoral thesis of Agnese Bargagna (‘Ammiano Marcellino e l’Umanesimo: tradizione e ricezione delle <i>Res gestae </i>a partire dai testimoni del xv sec. fino alle prime edizioni a stampa’, University of Macerata and Sorbonne University, 2020), downloadable <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/333566604.pdf">here</a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Although I have seen many of the manuscripts in person as part of my preparations for my planned Oxford Classical Text, I should acknowledge having consulted Bargagna's work for many statements about these manuscripts below; moreover, what I say about them has no pretension to be comprehensive (for example, I have named only a selection of the known annotators).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">For the editions, I have used above all the immensely useful work of Fred W. Jenkins, <i>Ammianus Marcellinus: An Annotated Bibliography, 1474 to the Present </i>(Leiden, 2017), whose recording of the precise titles I follow; see my review <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-new-bibliography-of-ammianus.html" target="_blank">here</a> and my supplements <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2019/10/addenda-and-corrigenda-to-jenkins.html" target="_blank">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">And before beginning, I should add a stemma to indicate the manuscript relationships – it differs only very little from that of Charles Upson Clark from over 100 years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCC53fA8ol6WHtJBrGks7aL3BcGAd5UDgPlwaQdGiP7m92XxMBDNsr7bU3-rWiff-R4gApNTFjigxSdRJdGuJcJ0a0JnJZVNrguiyolvGXD2P2VPvvpN_NZwVpw26l-Y5FBx7e2-NAbfOq5hHxwT2_qh4aClEu2b7ec5nDZXgaCU4_lGEdaDYtwYLFQ/s1060/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.01.02.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="898" height="559" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCC53fA8ol6WHtJBrGks7aL3BcGAd5UDgPlwaQdGiP7m92XxMBDNsr7bU3-rWiff-R4gApNTFjigxSdRJdGuJcJ0a0JnJZVNrguiyolvGXD2P2VPvvpN_NZwVpw26l-Y5FBx7e2-NAbfOq5hHxwT2_qh4aClEu2b7ec5nDZXgaCU4_lGEdaDYtwYLFQ/w473-h559/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.01.02.png" width="473" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Carolingian manuscripts</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">V</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Fulda s. IX<sup>1/3</sup> (the Fuldensis/ the Vaticanus). Vatican City, Vaticanus Latinus 1873: Contains books 14-31 (bifolium between 31.8.5 and 31.10.18 lost in the Renaissance); contains many annotations including contemporary correctors against the model (<b>V<sup>2</sup></b>)<b> </b>and from the Renaissance (<b>V<sup>3</sup></b>), including: Poggio Bracciolini (its rediscoverer), Niccolò Niccoli, Biondo Flavio, Pomponio Leto, Mariangelo Accursio. <a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.1873" target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlights: too many to mention, but observe the gap where the Greek of 17.4.17-23 was left out on ff. 41v-42f. Look for the difference a change of scribe can make on f. 58v, between lines 13 and 14. Scroll through and look at the omitted lines written in the margin. And look at the effects of a damaged exemplar in the lacunae of ff. 170v-172v in book 29.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbIAFTtZwfIo43rKlzBMR0_jQqrrazAi1rHuo6b4PS5SfG748IS5tHqLW59nvcmNuL2y163o-Cxgmu4syLcgiTFDR7CM9Sfu2F48e55Ci-CNSgRv9uKXvVG9oW2mOrivxC_cuMKsmWieDHwYQ16_He0z_ZuZAmFiaa_1WH8II_XG9VY0C2eb6_l7fkWg/s1992/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.32.33.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="1992" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbIAFTtZwfIo43rKlzBMR0_jQqrrazAi1rHuo6b4PS5SfG748IS5tHqLW59nvcmNuL2y163o-Cxgmu4syLcgiTFDR7CM9Sfu2F48e55Ci-CNSgRv9uKXvVG9oW2mOrivxC_cuMKsmWieDHwYQ16_He0z_ZuZAmFiaa_1WH8II_XG9VY0C2eb6_l7fkWg/w640-h300/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.32.33.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB"><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium;">f. 41v, where the scribe started recording a long passage of Greek, before deciding to leave it to a specialist who never appeared. See also the first half of an ownership mark in the top margin (it reads '</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>monasterii</i></span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium;">'; the word 'Fuldensis' is at the top of the next page. </i><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Two Renaissance</i><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> scholars have left comments in the left hand margin.</i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">M</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: ?</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Fulda s. IX<sup>1/2</sup> (the Hersfeldensis/ Marburgensis). Contains contemporary corrections and early modern ones probably in the hand of Sikmund Hruby z Jelení (Gelenius): </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Kassel, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Landesbibliothek 4<span style="font-size: x-small;">o</span> Ms. chem. 31</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <span lang="EN-GB">(= </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">18.5.1 (1r) and 3 (1v), 18.6.12-15 (2r), and 16-17 (2v)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">; both folia highly fragmentary). <b><a href="http://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/image/1340964087401/386/LOG_0028/" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">+ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2<span style="font-size: x-small;">o</span> Ms. philol. 27</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <span lang="EN-GB">(formerly in Marburg) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3r (formerly I) = 23.6.37-41, 3v (II) = 23.6.41-45; 4r (III) = 28.4.21-25, 4v (IV) = 28.4.25-29; 5r (V) 28.4.30-33, 5v (VI) = 28.4.34-5.2 (the first seven lines on each side have been cut from this folium); 6r (VII) = 28.5.11-6</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1), 6v (VIII) = 28.6.1-5; 7r (IX) = 30.2.5-10, 7v (X) = 30.2.10-3.2 (this folium, which with f. 8 formed the central bifolium of a gathering, has been cut vertically so that about a third of the text is lost, at the start of the line recto and at the end of the line verso); 8r (XI) = 30.3.2-5, 8v (XII) = 30.3.5- 4.2</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">). <b><a href="http://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/image/1336391032501/1/LOG_0000/" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlights: The beauty of the hand, which surpasses the scribes of the Fuldensis. You can see what are almost certainly Gelenius’ corrections on p. iv of the second set of fragments (4v), lines 13-14. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiecqbcGasiGI_A2kSU6nmAGqbXADoJMgTokATfsZFmI1PKBG6wAyLagn_4D3G0il6tbeK2bZ9PH4pF9OjLsSgWlnpXRdXWtPxxwiE3JsLz24dK4lUrKhfsGNQon-gL74nXd3ytMHLR3BllYZOdS46T7yLigiUqXEUn-Rld9Uw1q0NpVAgz5Fi4BHCc4w/s630/Picture%201.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="630" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiecqbcGasiGI_A2kSU6nmAGqbXADoJMgTokATfsZFmI1PKBG6wAyLagn_4D3G0il6tbeK2bZ9PH4pF9OjLsSgWlnpXRdXWtPxxwiE3JsLz24dK4lUrKhfsGNQon-gL74nXd3ytMHLR3BllYZOdS46T7yLigiUqXEUn-Rld9Uw1q0NpVAgz5Fi4BHCc4w/w400-h106/Picture%201.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwIu1VuA42WqZDg2SgI1d1xZEV2zGvVFNqn9s03CfK5LoNWKUb6QIxlrMnzZfzGIF8rX3jadXqRLhgm3aDtceUZi0Ojt3HL1dih2WjJE33rFY5SOZRNM8h5LPZgrHGclZCGRhMjVWcd4JlqnIYWK6QZhHCwm-qnIvXgf0imyPp5wzd3ztptqKuGUyXug/s162/rebus.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="162" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwIu1VuA42WqZDg2SgI1d1xZEV2zGvVFNqn9s03CfK5LoNWKUb6QIxlrMnzZfzGIF8rX3jadXqRLhgm3aDtceUZi0Ojt3HL1dih2WjJE33rFY5SOZRNM8h5LPZgrHGclZCGRhMjVWcd4JlqnIYWK6QZhHCwm-qnIvXgf0imyPp5wzd3ztptqKuGUyXug/s1600/rebus.png" width="162" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1vH0mWSAEK-JVfKEAvh58bwXSXvOATxDLrN_ECdGyd3JG7Y6YmJxgGiHygGmcGTmgiBsY-0NHG2hO3qZ8hPnDlLO8DJsKRx0i4YBosaXIPFbstAesfkVAuMK--RrqvymPx9jpL2Xu1jtUpuc8a4VrzTXmIAuNRYU3XlCBJRUcpVr0UNczu_qCVM5ogA/s164/bonum.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="164" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1vH0mWSAEK-JVfKEAvh58bwXSXvOATxDLrN_ECdGyd3JG7Y6YmJxgGiHygGmcGTmgiBsY-0NHG2hO3qZ8hPnDlLO8DJsKRx0i4YBosaXIPFbstAesfkVAuMK--RrqvymPx9jpL2Xu1jtUpuc8a4VrzTXmIAuNRYU3XlCBJRUcpVr0UNczu_qCVM5ogA/s1600/bonum.png" width="164" /></a><br /><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p></div><i><div><i><br /></i></div><span style="font-family: times;">28.4.26 on 4v: </span></i><span style="font-family: times;">Inbus<i> changed to </i>in rebus<i>, </i>sit<i> to </i>sic<i> (with a full stop before it), and </i>bos<i> to </i>bonum<i>. 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</style><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Renaissance manuscripts: copies of V<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">F</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Florence, 1423 (copied by Niccolò Niccoli, on paper). </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Florence, San Marco J V 43.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlights: no digitisation, alas, but Niccoli had a very beautiful hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">E</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Rome, 1445 (circle of Poggio Bracciolini, on paper; contains annotations by various scholars including Poggio). Vatican City,<b> </b>Vaticanus Latinus 2969. <b><a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.2969" target="_blank">Digitisation</a>.</b> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlights: the marginal and in-text corrections throughout as an intelligent humanist emends the text of <i>V</i> as he copies. There are also annotations by others, notably Poggio and an intelligent early sixteenth</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">-century scholar.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_fbgjPNYhymwbJ8G5t4DDADhpXGNQ1e6BisvsqjgK-yhdOvoaYLMwxjgodZldIz_hSZ_Z5Hz_oVS5gjUTPWwM1PTWdMN7qy2rsi9lurs4gJvXixufl506jTdV1pukQzSIlpDBhv1m6_SMJ9mspvmZBNnKtS5oRIJOdYDbqL5bylICmJ_z13lLlqnKw/s1840/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.45.00.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="1840" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_fbgjPNYhymwbJ8G5t4DDADhpXGNQ1e6BisvsqjgK-yhdOvoaYLMwxjgodZldIz_hSZ_Z5Hz_oVS5gjUTPWwM1PTWdMN7qy2rsi9lurs4gJvXixufl506jTdV1pukQzSIlpDBhv1m6_SMJ9mspvmZBNnKtS5oRIJOdYDbqL5bylICmJ_z13lLlqnKw/w640-h122/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.45.00.png" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>175r: A later annotator notes where the scribe turned over two pages of the Fuldensis in copying: error est unius chartae / vide in codice veteri :-</i></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">N</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Rome, 1455/1464 (Francesco Griffolini, Valesius’ ‘Codex Regius’, on paper, later emended against <b>W </b>after Biondo’s interventions (<b>W<sup>2</sup></b>)). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Paris, BNF, Parisinus Latinus 6120. <b><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10032932t/f5.item" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">D</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Rome, 1445/1457 (Pietro del Monte; on paper; stops at 25.3.13). Vatican City, Vaticanus Latinus 1874. <a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.1874" target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Renaissance manuscripts: copies of F <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">W</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: ?Florence, before 1455 (belonged to Biondo Flavio, who annotated it and collated against <b>V </b>(<b>W<sup>2</sup></b>, 1455/1462), and Cardinal Bessarion; on paper). </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Venice, Marciana Z. 388. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Highlights: the acute emendations of Biondo, and his claim to remember a lost passage in book 16 from another manuscript. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">See R. Cappelletto, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ricuperi ammianei da Biondo Flavio </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(Rome, 1983). </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">K</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Florence/ Cesena (copied by Iohannes Moguntinus, 1441/1460, for Malatesta Novello). </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cesena, Malatestianus, S.XIV.4. <b><a href=" http://catalogoaperto.malatestiana.it/elenco-libri/libro/?saggioid=SX.14.04" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b> and</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <b><a href="http://catalogoaperto.malatestiana.it/ricerca/?oldform=mostra_codice.jsp?CODICE_ID=239" target="_blank">Catalogue</a></b>.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> <span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlight: a fine illuminated capital in this luxury manuscript.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ATStzjDC1ZCHffpk2o34zSswqkCq0ChM9IYkyv0qj-KNWZp4llexhbfnzr8_yKtU_-UM6vqxDYMIAmT27kKxjhOoPzE5nRYHBbPLdsWZAKJrKm4ZXWFXZsgRasRP0dYLHJIMojTpWE1q1mkQYWxzpahLiaMs75qxvUFCSulEc_DsLRHJd7YkhHWWBA/s1240/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2002.59.14.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1240" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ATStzjDC1ZCHffpk2o34zSswqkCq0ChM9IYkyv0qj-KNWZp4llexhbfnzr8_yKtU_-UM6vqxDYMIAmT27kKxjhOoPzE5nRYHBbPLdsWZAKJrKm4ZXWFXZsgRasRP0dYLHJIMojTpWE1q1mkQYWxzpahLiaMs75qxvUFCSulEc_DsLRHJd7YkhHWWBA/w400-h195/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2002.59.14.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Y</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (also <b>Z)</b>: copied at Florence, contains annotations by Antonio Beccadelli (Panormita, d. 1471). Vatican City, Vaticanus Latinus 3341. <b><a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.3341" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">U</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: copied at Florence for Federico da Montefeltro (d. 1482) by </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">N</span><span style="font-family: times;"><span>icolaus Antonii de Ricciis</span><span lang="EN-GB">, working closely with Vespasiano da Bisticci. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Vatican City, Urbinas Latinus 416. <b><a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Urb.lat.416" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span> <span> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span> </span><span> </span>Highlights: sheer beauty (pity about the slip in the author's name!)</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ZrcKcCcOkhZgrf8e-RZ3X3W3R1-TLukjxYB0Td7iyqNEIznFoS_nzXz8EHXVqXwu3gzfoQynSkPb_OZw51MpbP-bNsPk7OIkCNI83RY1ZaR4c2Ye9wzlHEsCC7fM64uKKlzHSjD8hWd47QRHjyC9oQm8fuODskjhqfHuVHOr5InkO2DCbOBKLCEahQ/s1198/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2006.27.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="1054" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ZrcKcCcOkhZgrf8e-RZ3X3W3R1-TLukjxYB0Td7iyqNEIznFoS_nzXz8EHXVqXwu3gzfoQynSkPb_OZw51MpbP-bNsPk7OIkCNI83RY1ZaR4c2Ye9wzlHEsCC7fM64uKKlzHSjD8hWd47QRHjyC9oQm8fuODskjhqfHuVHOr5InkO2DCbOBKLCEahQ/w565-h640/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2006.27.38.png" width="565" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Q</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: copied at Florence, 1488 (Alessandro da Varrazzano). Modena, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Estense, Lat. 425 = alfa.Q.4.7. <a href="https://manus.iccu.sbn.it/cnmd/0000166382" target="_blank"><b>Catalogue</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">C</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: Italy, s. XV<sup>ex</sup> (Codex Colbertinus, on paper<b>)</b>; Paris, BNF, Parisinus Latinus 5821 (runs from 15.1.3 to 31.15.9, thereafter fragmentary until 31.16.2). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10035368h " target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Renaissance manuscripts: copies of W<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">H</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: 1462 (copied by Petrus Honestus for Gregorio Loli Piccolomini, cousin and secretary of Pius II, from <b>W</b> after the interventions of Biondo (<b>W<sup>2</sup></b>)). Paris, BNF, Parisinus Latinus 5819. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10035366m" target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">T</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: c. 1467 (Tolosanus; copied for Giovanni Stefano Bottigella, bishop of Cremona 1467-1476; from <b>W</b>): Paris, BNF, Parisinus Latinus 5820. <b><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b100353672/f2.item" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Renaissance manuscripts: copies of o (a lost copy of F).<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">P</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: probably before 1434 (Petrinus; for the Orsini family, probably Cardinal Giordano Orsini, d. 1434) Vatican City, Archivio Capitolare di San Pietro E. 27 (books 14 to 26). <b><a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Arch.Cap.S.Pietro.E.27" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Highlight: an illuminated first capital. 19th-century scholars thought that <b>P </b>was a witness to a different pre-Poggio tradition. Not so, but it is very attractive:</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> <span> </span></span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO1Q599HBa9zGHxblBBOCk03VZcQMrZdQl-9vdaLOvsdwfhjis5ToEGp40OnrNtjW_tqT6vDZr10S-xJRTqjo776VdrzvtTobovW6jcnyIBNMzQqwQED3G_RUCKyLzl1EjhSwXCZzeg2qUKpdOTbtmUofpOUvKkItRFDrZMR70QSH5uMIrD7Ynt5cL4Q/s974/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.52.27.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="578" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO1Q599HBa9zGHxblBBOCk03VZcQMrZdQl-9vdaLOvsdwfhjis5ToEGp40OnrNtjW_tqT6vDZr10S-xJRTqjo776VdrzvtTobovW6jcnyIBNMzQqwQED3G_RUCKyLzl1EjhSwXCZzeg2qUKpdOTbtmUofpOUvKkItRFDrZMR70QSH5uMIrD7Ynt5cL4Q/s320/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2003.52.27.png" width="190" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">R</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">: between 1423 and 1474, probably later in the period (source of Sabinus’ <i>editio princeps</i>, 1474) Vatican City, Reginensis Latinus 1994 (books 14 to 26 only). <a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Reg.lat.1994 " target="_blank">Digitisation</a>. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Renaissance florilegia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Excerpta, especially on geography, 1455/1465 (Pomponio Leto, from <b>N</b>). Vatican City, Vaticanus Latinus 7190, 104r-123v. <b><a href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat. Lat.7190" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">For the identification of the copyist, see A. Bargagna, ‘Gli <i>excerpta </i>ammianei del <i>Vat. Lat. </i>7190 e uno sguardo sullo studio pomponiano delle <i>Res Gestae</i>’, <i>Sileno </i>47 (2021), 9-47.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">16. Excerpta with ‘Summa rerum sex Caesarum ex Ammiano Marcellino, s. XV, Padua (Marco Lucio Fazini, Padua), Biblioteca del Seminario Vescovile MS. 288, 112r-135r.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Editions of Ammianus Marcellinus<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">S = </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sabinus, Rome, 1474. Sabinus, Angelus,<i> Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum liber quartusdecimus.</i> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Rome: Georgius Sachsel and Bartholomaeus</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Golsch, June 7, 1474<i>. </i>Books 14-26 only.<i> </i><b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historiae/niesMIl0v84C" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> <span> Highlight: quite how bad the text is.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">B</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> = Castellus, Bologna, 1517. <i>Ammiani Marcellini opus castigatissimu(m) nuper a Petro Castello instauratum omni cura ac diligentia, ab infinitimis errorum monstris enixissimo labore vindicatum et multa quae hactenus desiderabantur ad professorum utilitaem sunt addita. </i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Bononiae: Ammianum Marcellinum historicum typis excussoribus impressit Hieronymus de Benedictis Bononiensis<i> …, </i>1517. Books 14-26 only. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Opus_castigatissimum/Y8RDAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> Highlight: the recherché hendecasyllabic poem written for the frontispiece by Giovanni Battista Pio. Pio's involvement and the choice of marginal keywords make it clear that Ammianus was of interest for his exotic vocabulary.</span><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bZP_UrYzX0VKcZ_-csn20aJ2sRc7fo6ytmLvUfsCLZ49B-r4ldzfMC9KOLdKviRSJauAlq5Q3p2jM6c-0I7WpW9OnKiiRRTuhVSa_WE_rxOWOHHgUI7KacHXs2FnQknMedNahn7mESVSs9uYEcewjzK8knyGFBnwmanwUJYUJOVERFaLBXzgUmS-4g/s1420/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.16.50.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1420" data-original-width="970" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bZP_UrYzX0VKcZ_-csn20aJ2sRc7fo6ytmLvUfsCLZ49B-r4ldzfMC9KOLdKviRSJauAlq5Q3p2jM6c-0I7WpW9OnKiiRRTuhVSa_WE_rxOWOHHgUI7KacHXs2FnQknMedNahn7mESVSs9uYEcewjzK8knyGFBnwmanwUJYUJOVERFaLBXzgUmS-4g/w274-h400/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.16.50.png" width="274" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>b1</i> = ‘Erasmus’, Basel, 1518 (in fact the responsibility of Beatus Rhenanus). </span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ex recognitione Des. Erasmi Roterodami C. Suetonius Tranquillus. Dion Cassius Nicaeus. Aelius Spartianus. Iulius Capitolinus. Aelius Lampridius Vulcatius Gallicanus V.C. Trebellius Pollio. </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius. Quibus adiuncti sunt Sex. Aurelius Victor. Eutropius. Paulus Diaconus. Ammianus Marcellinus. Pomponius Laetius Ro. Io. Bap. Egnatius Venetus. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Basileae: Apud Iohannem Frobenium, 1518. pp. 564-768: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">books 14-26 only; reprints <i>B </i>with few changes. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ex_Recognitione_Des_Erasmi_Roterodami_C/8EFCAAAAcAAJ " style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Digitisation</a>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>b2</i> = Reprint of ‘Erasmus’ edition, Cologne, 1527. </span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ex recognitione Des. Erasmi Roterodami, C. SuetoniusTranquillus. Dion Cassius Nicaeus. Aelius Spartianus. Iulius Capitolinus. Aelius Lampridius Vulcatius Gallicanus V.C. Trebellius Pollio. </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Flavius </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Vopiscus Syracusius. Quibus adiuncti sunt Sex. Aurelius Victor. Eutropius. Paulus Diaconus. Ammianus Marcellinus. Pomponius Laetius Ro. Io. Bap. Egnatius Venetus. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Coloniae: In aedibus Eucharij Cervicorni, 1527<i>. </i>pp. 429-584: books 14–26 only. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ex_Recognitione_Des_Erasmi_Roterodami_C/j5dUAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>A</i> = Accursius (Augsburg, 1 April 1533): Accursius, Mariangelus,<i> Ammianus Marcellinus a Mariangelo Accursio mendis quinque millibus purgatus, & libris quinque auctus ultimis, nunc primum ab eodem inventis. </i>Augustae Vindelicorum: In Aedibus Silvani Otmar, 1533. Books 14-31. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammianus_Marcellinus/jBRCAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; text-indent: 0px;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0px;"><span> </span><span> </span>Highlights: The </span><i style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">editio princeps</i><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> of books 27-31! </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: 0px;">Accursius' claim to have corrected 5000 errors from Castellus' edition (which may not be far off); the copyright in the name of the Pope, the Emperor, and the Republic of Venice.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30baguw3oe9gUAJVtvSpZOggWZ7qVSlCJqyOHeaG4CHOhD-cdh8riyGrrpNg62o5gK1sk09Cwv3iOqJv8u62GfUC1BkxMX4EJKhREVey2RDG_IbZtHQSyngLXId7OB-GbjUHpos25C1fbudP3a84kG5Y2tVb4j5jHN_VshxVWr73p2-gJQxE9V8gYBQ/s674/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.25.50.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="674" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh30baguw3oe9gUAJVtvSpZOggWZ7qVSlCJqyOHeaG4CHOhD-cdh8riyGrrpNg62o5gK1sk09Cwv3iOqJv8u62GfUC1BkxMX4EJKhREVey2RDG_IbZtHQSyngLXId7OB-GbjUHpos25C1fbudP3a84kG5Y2tVb4j5jHN_VshxVWr73p2-gJQxE9V8gYBQ/s320/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.25.50.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">G</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> = Sigismundus Gelenius (Basel, 1533): <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Libri XVII Quorum Postremi IIII. Nunc Primum Excusi</i>,<i> </i>in<i> Omnia quam antehac emendatiora. Annotationes Des. Erasmi & Egnatii cognitu dignae. C. Suetonius Tranquillus. </i></span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dion Cassius. </i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><i>Aelius Spartianus. </i></span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Iulius Capitolinus. </i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><i>Aelius Lampridius. </i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Vulcatius Gallicanus. T</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><i>rebellius Pollio. </i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Flavius Vopiscus. </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><i>Herodianus Politiano interp. </i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sex. Aurelius Victor. </span></i><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Pomponius Laetus. </i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Io. Baptista Egnatius. Ammianus Marcellinus quatuor libris </span></i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">auctus. Cum indicibus copiosis. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt;">Basileae: In Officina Frobeniana, 1533. Books 14–30.9.6 of Ammianus are found on pp. 545–786. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Omnia_quam_antehac_emendatiora_Annotatio/dMDA1qEQ3YMC" target="_blank">Digitisation</a>.</b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b> </b>Highlights: Gelenius' textual acuity; Froben's preface on p. 546, explaining how they borrowed the Hersfeld manuscript (<b>M</b>)<b> </b>from the Abbot and used to it to restore numerous passages; the long passage of Greek missing from <b>V </b>and all surviving manuscripts - the largest of the many additions introduced from the now lost parts of <b>M</b> - on p. 598.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> <span> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UDzc62CmqUgJGclI7A43oTDF1n2Yfo6urW74RuvWytqvesXWG4p5wpt0htHml70lIOzSS3wuLlJXZjyRAFNI3OOl9w1UZDfbWpWuc7pAA09tf9SwHgdo3SNCmBnJSVAJeM_JbGGmTNh_Fy_-VmV86dE0fesaeAa22OvtKSOJz06BclP2uAnd_gGpCA/s1002/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.33.31.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="878" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UDzc62CmqUgJGclI7A43oTDF1n2Yfo6urW74RuvWytqvesXWG4p5wpt0htHml70lIOzSS3wuLlJXZjyRAFNI3OOl9w1UZDfbWpWuc7pAA09tf9SwHgdo3SNCmBnJSVAJeM_JbGGmTNh_Fy_-VmV86dE0fesaeAa22OvtKSOJz06BclP2uAnd_gGpCA/w350-h400/Screenshot%202022-11-02%20at%2004.33.31.png" width="350" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Robertus Stephanus (Robert Estienne) (Paris, 1544) <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum libri XVIII à decimoquarto ad trigesimum primum. nam XIII priores desiderantur. </i></span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Quanto vero castigatior hic scriptor nunc prodeat, ex Hieronymi Frobenii epistola, quam hac de causa addimus, cognosces. Librum trigesimum primum qui in exemplari Frobeniano non habetur, adiecimus ex codice Mariangeli Accursii. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Parisiis: Ex officina Rob. Stephani typographi Regij, 1544. A reprint of Gelenius, with book 31 added from Accursius (chapter 30.10 was left out). <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_Rerum_gestarum_libri/9I1pe9OQsukC" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Digitisation</a>.<span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">G<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> = Gelenius’ second edition, Basel 1546. <i>Vitae Caesarum quarum scriptores hi C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Dion Cassius, Aelius Spartianus, Iulius Capitolinus, Aelius Lampridius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio, Flavius Vopiscus, Herodianus, Sex. </i></span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Aurelius Victor, Pomponius Laetus, Io. Baptista Egnatius, Eutropius libri X integritati pristinae redditi, Ammianus Marcellinus longe alius quam antehac unquam. Annotationes D. Erasmi Rot. & Baptistae Egnatij in vitas Caess. Accesserunt in hac editione Velleii Paterculi libri II ab innumeris denuo vendicati erroribus, addito Indice copiosissimo. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Basileae: Froben, 1546. This, like subsequent editions mentioned, contains all 18 books: from pp. 473-681. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Vitae_Caesarum_quarum_scriptores_hi_C_Su/5gxCAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p>Highlight: the little known fact, observed by Guy Sabbah in his Budé edition of books 29-31, that many vulgate corrections of the text usually attributed to Lindenbrog (1609) were in fact made in this edition. The next editor (i.e. I) will have to take this into account. </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Gryphius, Lyon 1552. <i>Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri decem et octo. </i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Lugd.: Apud Seb. Gryphium, 1552. <b><a href="https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/details:bsb10171402" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Henricus Stephanus, Geneva, 1568. <i>Varii historiae romanae scriptores, partim Graeci, partim Latini, in unum velut corpus redacti, De rebus gestis ab Urbe condita usque ad imperii Constantinopolin translati tempora. 4 vols. </i>Excudebat Henricus Stephanus, 1568. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Varii_Historiae_Romanae_Scriptores/Too6AAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Syllberg, Frankfurt, 1588. <i>Sylburg, Friedrich. Historiae Augustae scriptores latini minores; qui Augustorum, necnon et Caesarum tyrannorumque in Romano imperio vitas ad posteritatem litterarum monumentis propagarunt: Suetonius Tranquillus: Aelius Spartianus: Iulius Capitolinus:Vocatius Gallicanus: Aelius Lampridius: Trebellius Pollio: Flavius Vopiscus: Ammianus Marcellinus. Adiecti sunt et recentiores historiae continuatores; Pomponius Laetus, Ioan. Baptista Egnatius. Item Ausonii Burdeg. epigrammata in Caesares romanos: Imperatorum catologus: Romanae urbis descriptio. Additae in eosdem adnotationes Ioannis Baptistae Egnatii, et Erasmi Roterodami; cum Henrici Glareani et Theodori Pulmani adnotationibus in Suetonium. Ad haec graecorum allegantur, interpretatio nova: et rerum verborum notatu digniorum Index amplissimus: opera Friderici Sylburgii. Tomus alter. </i>Francofurdi: Apud Andreae Wecheli heredes, Claudium Marnium and Ioan. Aubrium, 1588. Ammianus is on pp. 2.304-518. <a href="https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/details:bsb10141101" target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Le Preux, Lyon, 1591. <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum sub Impp. Constantio, Iuliano, Ioviano, Valentiniano et Valente, per xxvj annos gestarum historia, libris XVIII comprehensa, qui e xxxj hodie supersunt. Cui nunc primum accesserunt breviaria singulis libris praefixa. Perpetuae ad marginem Notae morales ac politicae. Chronologia Marcelliniana, seu Temporum supputatio, ab Imperio Nervae usque ad Valentis obitum. instar brevis alicuius Supplementi xiiij priorum librorum, qui temporis iniuria perierunt. Gnomonologia Marcelliniana. Orationum et Rerum insignium Index. </i>Lugduni: Apud Franciscum Le Preux, 1591<i>.</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Rerum_sub_Imperatoribus_Constantio_Julia/qIk6AAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p>Highlight: </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">The first edition to contain chapter headings: see G. Kelly, ‘Adrien de Valois and the Chapter Headings of Ammianus Marcellinus’, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">CP </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">104 (2009), 233-242 (available <a href="https://www.academia.edu/204537/_Adrien_de_Valois_and_the_Chapter_Headings_in_Ammianus_Marcellinus_" target="_blank">here</a>).</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Le Preux, Lyon, 1600. <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum sub Impp. Constantio, Iuliano, Ioviano, Valentiniano et Valente, per xxvj annos gestarum historia, libris XVIII comprehensa, qui e xxxj hodie supersunt. Cui nunc primum accesserunt breviaria singulis libris praefixa. Perpetuae ad marginem Notae morales ac politicae. Chronologia Marcelliniana, seu Temporum supputatio, ab imperio Nervae usque ad Valentis obitum. instar brevis alicuius Supplementi xiiij priorum librorum, qui temporis iniuria perierunt. Gnomonologia Marcelliniana. Orationum et Rerum insignium Index. </i>Lugduni: Apud Franciscum Le Preux, 1600. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A reprint of the 1591 edition. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Rerum_sub_Impp_Constantio_Iuliano_Iovian/nYc6AAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The Geneva Corpus, 1609. </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Historiae Romanae Scriptores Latini Veteres, Qui Extant Omnes, Qui Regum, Consulum, Caesarum Res gestas ab urbe condita continentes: nunc primum in unum redacti corpus, duobus Tomis distinctum copiosissimóque non vero modò, sed etiam verborum & phraseωn notatu digniorum indice, locupletatum: in quo non historici solum, verùm etiam Iurisconsulti, Politici, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Medici, Mathematici, Rhetores, Grammatici, quin et theologi atque adeo pene</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> omnium disciplinarum Professores, quod usibus ipsorum inservire queat, invenient. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2 vols. Aureliae Allobrogum: Petrus de la Roviere, 1609. For Ammianus see volume 2, pp. 411-556. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historiae_Romanae_scriptores_Latini_vete/k4cjWJTISjAC" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Friedrich Lindenbrog, Hamburg, 1609.<i> Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Qui De XXXI. Supersunt Libri XVIII. Ad fidem MS. & veterum Codd. recensiti, et Observationibus illustrati ex bibliotheca Fr. Lindenbrogi. </i>Hamburgi: Ex Bibliopolio Frobeniano, 1609. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_Rerum_gestarum_qui_de/PVI8W5icp5gC" target="_blank"><b>Digitisation</b></a>.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Highlight: the first really detailed and scholarly annotations</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Janus Gruterus, Hannover, 1611.<i> Historiae Augustae Scriptores Latini minores, A Iulio fere Caesare ad Carolum Magnum: L. Annaeus Florus. Velleius Paterculus. C. Suetonius Tranquillus. Aelius Spartianus. Iulius Capitolinus. Vulcatius Gallianus. Aelius Lampridius. Trebellius Pollio. Flavius Vopiscus. Ammianus Marcellinus. Aurelius Victor. Paulus Diaconus. Landulphus Sagax. Iornandes, &c. Priores quidem, ex optimâ cuiusque Editione, Comparati Confirmatique ad codices MSS. </i></span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Bibliothecae Palatinae: Posteriores verò Mille Locis Emendati Suppleti operâ Jani Gruteri Cuius etiam additae Notae</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Hanoviae: Impensis Claudii Marnii heredum …, 1611<i>. </i>Ammianus on pp. 453-691. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historiae_Augustae_scriptores_latini_min/tNzKeULDDIAC" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b> and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historiae_Augustae_scriptores_latini_min/tNzKeULDDIAC" target="_blank">Notes</a></b> (after p. 117): </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p>Highlight: </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">the second edition to divide into chapters with headings, on a different principle to Le Preux.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Leiden, 1632.<i> </i></span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Quae extant. </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">M. Boxhorn Zuerius Recensuit et Animadversionibus illustravit. </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Historiae augustae scriptorum minorum latinorum, 4</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Lugduni Batavorum: Ex officinâ Joannis Maire, 1632. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_Rervm_gestarvm_qu%C3%A6_e/N9EPAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Henricus Valesius (Henri de Valois), Paris, 1636. <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Qui De XXXI. Supersunt Libri XVIII. Ex MS. Codicibus emendati ab Henrico Valesio & Annotationibus illustrati. Adjecta sunt Excerpta de gestis Constantini nondum edita</i>. Parisiis: Apud Joannem Camusat …, 1636. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_rerum_gestarum_qui_de/rJzYA8yHAmMC" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p>Highlight: the scholarly brilliance of de Valois' annotations.</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Hadrianus Valesius (Adrien de Valois), Paris, 1681. </span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Qui de XXXI. Supersunt, Libri XVIII. ope MSS. codicum emendati a Henrico Valesio, et auctioribus Adnotationibus illustrati. Necnon Excerpta vetera de Gestis Constantini et Regum Italiae. Editio Posterior, Cui HadrianusValesius, Historiographus Regius, Fr. Lindenbrogii JC in eumdem Historicum ampliores Observationes, et Collectanea Variarum Lectionum adjecit; et beneficio codicis Colbertini Ammianum multis in locis emendavit, Notisque explicuit: Disceptationem suam de Hebdomo, ac Indicem rerum memorabilium subjunxit. Praefixit et Praefationem suam, ac Vitam Ammiani à Claudio Chiffletio JC compositum. </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Parisiis: Ex Officina Antonii Dezallier …, 1681. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_rerum_gestarum_qui_de/68P4tfdfMsEC" target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p>Highlights: Further afterthoughts from Henri de Valois, edited and supplemented by his younger brother, also a great scholar. </o:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">The edition that introduced the chapter divisions and headings still in use (see </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">G. Kelly, ‘Adrien de Valois and the Chapter Headings of Ammianus Marcellinus’, <i>CP </i>104 (2009), 233-242 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/204537/_Adrien_de_Valois_and_the_Chapter_Headings_in_Ammianus_Marcellinus_" target="_blank">here</a>). </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0px;">20. Jacobus Gronovius, Leiden, 1693. </span><span><i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum, Qui de XXXI Supersunt, Libri XVIII. Ope MSS. codicum emendati ab Frederico Lindenbrogio & Henrico Hadrianoque Valesiis cum eorundem integris Observationibus & Annotationibus, Item Excerpta vetera de Gestis Constantini et Regum Italiae. </i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lugduni Batavorum: Apud Petrum van der Aa, 1693. <b><a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ammiani_Marcellini_rerum_gestarum_qui_de/QCkPDuFkemYC " target="_blank">Digitisation</a></b>.</span></span></span></p><span face="-webkit-standard" style="font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0px;"><span> <span> Highlights: </span></span>The notes of his predecessors and himself are conveniently laid out at the bottom of the page. There are splendid illustrations of the battle of Strasbourg and the siege of Amida (below).</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6_4Yt_ClNYc-LPar91OTov6tx36pr7APPTiBaCZTjJ2f93nt-dTOna6_aZzns4rnSXm3TAC297XZRPub-uI5K3qkYCS1Xe394FcIWiw_XvA6qJw4qqPYsO9F2LsOOL6ofeijHAjtyr44bEcIEeoCW9ZVtM7gLowHIuKbnHwJeZ8IwyajNPM4TKH7sAA/s1057/Schermata%202022-11-01%20alle%2016.17.39.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1057" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6_4Yt_ClNYc-LPar91OTov6tx36pr7APPTiBaCZTjJ2f93nt-dTOna6_aZzns4rnSXm3TAC297XZRPub-uI5K3qkYCS1Xe394FcIWiw_XvA6qJw4qqPYsO9F2LsOOL6ofeijHAjtyr44bEcIEeoCW9ZVtM7gLowHIuKbnHwJeZ8IwyajNPM4TKH7sAA/w640-h438/Schermata%202022-11-01%20alle%2016.17.39.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-5365373142834753192021-10-29T20:39:00.002+00:002021-10-31T20:59:36.832+00:00A textual and onomastic problem in SidoniusIn modern editions, Sidonius’ letter 2.4 is addressed to an otherwise unknown Sagittarius, who is asked to accept the friendship of Sidonius’ protégé Proiectus (also otherwise unknown) as the latter seeks to make an advantageous marriage with a girl of good family for whom Sidonius’ addressee has some sort of role of guardianship following her father’s death. But editions up to that of Lütjohann in 1887 had the letter addressed not <i>Sidonius Sagittario suo salutem</i> but <i>Sidonius Syagrio suo salutem</i>. Syagrius (or to be precise Siagrius) is the reading of the family of manuscripts from which the first edition of 1474 derived. Sagit(t)arius appeared in the majority of the manuscripts picked out by Lütjohann. <div><br /></div><div>How to weigh up the contradictory evidence of the manuscripts? Dolveck’s reconstruction of the tradition is essentially bipartite, with the above-mentioned family, known as α, on the one side, and the remaining manuscripts (for the letters) divided into several subgroups on the other side (δ). See the following simplified stemma, containing both the manuscripts that Dolveck recommends using and those which have been used by previous editors, based on one drawn by Giulia Marolla:*
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCwZJr-D-I1U9H54oDkxcb83CA83DxPdaU39_43gq2x_rCJtQvMPtjOjPS8c8Zam1MeXFikaCNifKZUrJWJfeylx_NdrQd77z1LU7C6kJKgAvOCInam_giI1YZX9kyIJko5zl-hgH5_1ga/s1472/Screenshot+2021-10-29+at+21.27.23.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1294" data-original-width="1472" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCwZJr-D-I1U9H54oDkxcb83CA83DxPdaU39_43gq2x_rCJtQvMPtjOjPS8c8Zam1MeXFikaCNifKZUrJWJfeylx_NdrQd77z1LU7C6kJKgAvOCInam_giI1YZX9kyIJko5zl-hgH5_1ga/w370-h325/Screenshot+2021-10-29+at+21.27.23.png" width="370" /></a></div>
On the right hand side of the stemma, <i>P</i>, <i>L</i>, <i>T</i>,<i> N</i>, <i>V</i>, <i>R</i>, and <i>M</i> all have <i>Sagittario</i>. But the apparatuses of Lütjohann and Loyen rightly show <i>F</i> as having <i>Siargio</i>. <i>F</i> is a representative of the English family, and a quick look at other, in fact more reliable, members of that family confirm that the family’s reading was <i>Siagrio</i>. That family, important for the poems, is rather low on the stemma for the letters, descended from a hyparchetype that Dolveck calls ν. Two other descendants of that same hyparchetype that I have checked, the Leipzig MS and Paris Lat. 2782, also have <i>Siagrio</i>.
The quick rule of thumb that agreement between α and part of the δ side should give the reading of the archetype does not really work here, however. It looks like both ζ and δ itself had <i>Sagittario</i>, so <i>Siagrio</i> should be an innovation within this corner of the stemma. </div><div><br /></div><div>There are then two possibilities: one is that Dolveck’s reconstruction of the tradition is at error at this point, the other (more likely) is the presence of contamination. Although contamination is not otherwise visible between the α family and ν, one point that is worth making is that it might happen more easily with the address formulae, ‘Sidonius greets his friend x’, than with other parts of the text. Sometimes scribes left these greetings unfinished to be completed later by the rubricator (this is the case, for example, with Parisinus Latinus 2782, a descendent of ν on which the name is left out but the reminder to the rubricator appears in small writing on the very edge of the page). If it was decided to fill in an unrubricated copy that did not have such a note, and a copy that was not the original exemplar happened to be available, you would have the capacity for the name Syagrius to be introduced from the α-family. </div><div><br /></div><div>If the supposition of contamination is right, we are left with two different names on the two sides of a bipartite tradition. How to decide? </div><div><br /></div><div>First, onomastics. The name Sagittarius (archer) is certainly not impossible, but there is not another one attested in either of the first two volumes of PLRE, and I have not found it epigraphically: it appears only as a description of archers in the army (and there not a name) or as a sign of the Zodiac. But it does appear a century after Sidonius, for an obnoxious and militaristic bishop of Gap described by Gregory of Tours. Syagrius is not a common name but it was the name of two consuls in 381 and 382, of a correspondent of Sidonius (Ep. 5.5 and 8.8) descended from one of them, and of a warlord in northern Gaul in the same period.
Could this be Sidonius’ friend addressed in the two later letters? The addressee of letter 2.4 is certainly important enough to be the noble Syagrius (there’s reference to the celeberrimam disciplinam of his house). We have learned from Joop van Waarden to be alert to the various pronouns used in Sidonius’ letters, not as a direct equivalent of the <i>tu vos</i> distinction of later Romance languages but as something rather more subtle and complex: in this context we should note that, as with Syagrius, Sidonius uses the <i>tu</i> form for the addressee of 2.4, and though the letter does not seem to exhibit as much familiarity as the other two, that could be attributed to the genre of the recommendation letter. One might wonder if the addressee does not feel older than Syagrius – particularly as the letters in book two tend to be earlier than those in the later books – but it would not actually be surprising if a younger aristocrat were placed in a position akin to guardianship, since he had more chance of living longer to carry out his role. </div><div><br /></div><div>And which was likelier to be corrupted into the other? Any reader of Sidonius will come across the name Syagrius, referring either to his friend (Ep. 5.5, 8.8) or to the friend’s distinguished great grandfather (Ep. 1.7.4, 5.17.4, 7.12.1). One of those mentions had already occurred in the previous book, so it is not impossible that it might have sprung to a scribe’s mind in conscious or unconscious response to a name that looked like a description rather than a name. On the other hand, one might think that it was likelier for the unusual name to be corrupted into a not uncommon noun: could <i>Siagrius</i> have been misread as an abbreviation <i>Sag’arius</i>? </div><div><br /></div><div>I don’t have a solution to this onomastic and textual problem (though you may guess that I tip slightly towards Syagrius). But I do think that (for example) the entries for both Syagrius and Sagittarius in PLRE and similar standard works should have mentioned the sheer uncertainty. We need to look at critical apparatuses, and they need in turn to be reliable. </div><div><br /></div><div>*I do not give manuscript sigla here, but they are all standard ones except that: <i>V</i> = Vat. Lat. 1661 (and not Vat. Lat. 1783 , here <i>Vt</i>); <i>S</i> = Paris, IRHT Collection Privée 347 (ex-Schøyen collection), <i>B</i> = London, BL, Royal 4 B. IV, <i>Leip</i> = Leipzig, UB Rep. I 48
</div>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-62000735785004110402021-04-19T09:52:00.005+00:002021-04-24T04:22:03.271+00:00Sidonius Companion ctd, and two afterthoughtsOn Joop van Waarden's Sidonius website, there is currently a celebration of the anniversary of the <i>Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris</i>. There is a <a href="https://sidonapol.org/">40% discount</a> on the admittedly steep price available until the end of April; there are links to free versions of Franz Dolveck's chapter on the manuscript tradition and Filomena Giannotti on modern reception (open <a href="https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-the-edinburgh-companion-to-sidonius-apollinaris.html" target="_blank">here</a> and go to the Resources tab); there is also a new section called <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion-continued/" target="_blank">Companion Ctd</a>. It has a list of <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion-add-and-correct/" target="_blank">errata and addenda</a> to the Companion, plus some details of <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion/">reviews</a>. I have also written a couple of longer supplements to my chapters in the Companion. <div><br /></div><div>The first of these is a <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion-chapter-3/" target="_blank">supplement to my chapter 3</a>, on 'Dating the Works of Sidonius' -- though in fact it has little to do with dating as such. In the chapter I reconstructed from manuscripts the transmitted titles of the works, something that the editions have been cavalier and imprecise about, but I did not give the evidence. So here is a refined <a href="https://sidonapol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Carmina-paratexts-edition_2.pdf" target="_blank">edition of the paratexts to Sidonius' poems</a>, based on a full consultation of the manuscripts. I am going to explore this subject in more depth at a paper in Siena in June (let's hope really Siena in June, because Siena by zoom does not have the same allure). I hope that it will be useful for scholars working on the poems. </div><div><br /></div><div>Secondly, in Joop van Waarden's and my <a href="https://sidonapol.org/companion-chapter-15/" target="_blank">chapter on Sidonius' prose rhythm</a>, I argued that Sidonius is fond of a predominantly metrical form of clausulation (he doesn't always use it; there are accentual elements; but it is predominantly metrical). But I did not illustrate the clausulation of the passage that I used as an initial basis for my arguments. So I publish a <a href="https://sidonapol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Ep.2.2clausulae_final.pdf" target="_blank">clausulated version of Sidonius' letter 2.2.1-10</a>, with a few additional remarks.</div><div><br /></div><div>PS supplements to and discussions of points in the <i>Edinburgh Companion</i> are welcome on the Companion Ctd: please write to Joop van Waarden or myself.</div>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-21133315148052738192021-04-12T21:21:00.013+00:002021-04-14T06:22:32.982+00:00Surges of Interest<span style="font-family: inherit;">There is a cliché in academic book reviews that always makes my eyes roll and my lips curl upwards a little. It is the moment when the reviewer talks of the current boom of studies on Ptolemy’s Geography, the burgeoning field of Italian farmhouse excavation reports, the explosion of scholarship in Roman provincial dress, exciting times for students of Flavian epic, a surge of interest in late antique epigram. It is of course perfectly understandable, and I have done it myself. The reviewer wants to be positive about the dynamism of the reviewed work’s subfield, which is probably also the reviewer’s subfield, and explain to relative outsiders – who are after all far more likely to read the review than the book – why they should be interested. The reviewer can also contextualise the work at hand by paying compliments to their friends and, sometimes, lamenting the inadequacy of those who aren’t. If the review is not entirely positive, it at least balances out some of the negatives with a vague optimism. It is not just reviewers: authors do this in their introductions all the time (again I have done it myself).</span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of course, the subfield may really be burgeoning and the times exciting: it is the frequency of the commonplace that makes it amusing. Perhaps we don’t hear this from those in the more stagnant subfields (in that case, the rhetoric switches to that of the ‘<a href="https://tumblr.austinkleon.com/post/660468814" target="_blank">strangely neglected topic</a>’); perhaps an all-round increase in scholarly production has made lots of people feel that their subfield is booming. At any rate, there are ways of measuring the warmth of allegedly hot topics with relative ease, using the search functions of the digital version of Marouzeau’s <i><a href="https://about.brepolis.net/lannee-philologique-aph/" target="_blank">Année Philologique</a></i>, at least when it comes to authors (authors are probably easier than excavation reports or dress studies because they’ll be reliably and consistently tagged in online databases). This weekend I decided to indulge a curiosity I have had for a while and spend a little time looking for statistics of boom and bust in some of the authors that interest me. Another thing that prompted me to do this was an amusing but endless series of e-mails about the multilingualism of Classical scholarship on the Liverpool <a href="https://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-bin/wa?A0=CLASSICISTS" target="_blank">Classicists mailing-list</a>, prompting much secondary comment on social media (the best take I have seen is <a href="https://twitter.com/tzetzes/status/1380606354772070400">this one</a>); in any case, I thought it would be interesting to look at the linguistic breakdown of scholarly booms. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">I’m looking at Ammianus Marcellinus and Sidonius: late antiquity is one of the <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20566944?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents" target="_blank">explosion sites</a>. In a <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-new-bibliography-of-ammianus.html" target="_blank">review a couple of years ago</a> of Jenkins’ bibliography of Ammianus, I recalled E.A. Thompson’s reflection in the introduction of The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus that for every reader of his author, there were probably a thousand readers of Sallust, Livy or Tacitus. I said then that this was probably never true, commenting on the ‘great deal of attention’ since and especially in the last 30 years. At any rate, I decided that those same three earlier Roman historians would serve as good <i>comparanda</i> for Ammianus, and interesting in themselves, and that Ammianus was a good <i>comparandum</i> for Sidonius (Sidonius differs from the others in that his verse as well as his prose survives).
Here is my first table, of publications, excluding reviews, on the five authors per decade (which I count from 1 to 10, so the 1930s are 1931 to 1940). The green line indicates the overall publication trend in Classics – the total entries in <i>Année Philologique</i> divided by 500.
</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpDwwdYcs_0apetet2b9w0UP8rUaat7QqRDN0LWqLBAiseXrjzT4O447VfS6V8_BfaPDykD1XOl0Iq2f9WzNgA5lZFCCboToYlZ3RuO__1Im7V2HLR_no1MGCOg-GydP_YkblsQRjQLedn/s868/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.34.21.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="868" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpDwwdYcs_0apetet2b9w0UP8rUaat7QqRDN0LWqLBAiseXrjzT4O447VfS6V8_BfaPDykD1XOl0Iq2f9WzNgA5lZFCCboToYlZ3RuO__1Im7V2HLR_no1MGCOg-GydP_YkblsQRjQLedn/w483-h280/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.34.21.png" width="483" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Since <i>L’Année Philologique</i> was launched in 1924, the 1920s is three years short, giving an artificial sense of a low base. Thereafter one can see a dip in the 1940s, no doubt the effect of war, and thereafter a steady increase in both total Classical scholarship and these authors, to a level between two to three times larger than pre-war. The decade from 2011 is also under-represented, since no 2020 publications and only some 2018 and 2019 ones have been registered (some items of mine from 2018 are not yet recorded); others from earlier in the decade may also be less likely to have been added. It will be interesting to see in a few years from now whether 2011-2020 really does mark a decline or just a stabilisation. (For the exact numbers and some qualifications on the data, see the appendix at the end of this post).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">We can see that Tacitus has always been the most popular of the four historians and Livy has always second. That is perhaps understandable given the range of their works – Livy in seven Oxford volumes and Tacitus with five works in three volumes. Tacitus’ lead over Livy can be explained both by the virtually unanimous admiration for the former’s stylistic and intellectual brilliance and the latter’s limitations as a factual historical source. Sallust, bolstered slightly by pseudonymous works, was long placed third, but Ammianus, who began a long way behind, drew close to Sallust in the 1960s, overtook him in the 1990s, and has not relinquished his small lead. Sidonius until the 1980s exemplifies the marginal place of late antique authors, long behind Ammianus, but there really has been a boom in this case, so that in the last decade he has overtaken both Sallust and Ammianus. Once the 26 chapters of the Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius are added to the list for 2020, the lead may be even longer. I am very glad that Sidonius has his moment in the sun (though I hope Ammianus catches up next decade).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Let’s look at the same information in a slightly different way, this time looking at each author as a proportion of overall scholarly production per decade recorded in <i>L'Année Philologique</i>.</span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMTz8jV_HAvIXIH443fYNJnXF3XAzbl-GHVdSAVnuC8NmLeP-wuvdxPXCp_wfHhnlOaqG5jsEw04zWE-GyGwlSqQSI4OZqpfbhLPj3slS2BFOyjgGP0fhj9G5yMakHppHAE_9dOtv46gW4/s1630/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.36.11.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="1630" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMTz8jV_HAvIXIH443fYNJnXF3XAzbl-GHVdSAVnuC8NmLeP-wuvdxPXCp_wfHhnlOaqG5jsEw04zWE-GyGwlSqQSI4OZqpfbhLPj3slS2BFOyjgGP0fhj9G5yMakHppHAE_9dOtv46gW4/w457-h266/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.36.11.png" width="457" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This has the advantage of smoothing out the unevenness caused by incomplete data in the first and last decades. It shows that interest in the three earlier historians has remained roughly at parity, with Livy becoming proportionately more and Sallust less popular; the growth of interest in Ammianus is proportionately almost fourfold and Sidonius well over tenfold. It also suggests, interestingly, that the percentage of scholarship on the historians grew in the 1940s – even if scholarship overall declined. Is this a wartime effect? (I have written elsewhere on the relevance of <a href="http://research.shca.ed.ac.uk/sidonius/2016/06/29/73/" target="_blank">Sidonius in Second World War France</a>, though there is no significant growth in interest in that period).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">So there really has by any standards been a boom in interest in late antique authors! Let us break down the details of this further, by language. Here are publications on Ammianus per decade by language:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO8u47Ry-phHef1TclOgH9eE0Nt89jBVPIDsRDkfAkOlQRRvae61jMtgPjdSdkwIrcMSxiFEQXQr3o16kE2dZHHrtIW5u7KjRC_22jDEkSpSqjIdTsZ9sWSa_b3H__kqYQ3UCHzlRaFabh/s1648/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.36.36.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1648" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO8u47Ry-phHef1TclOgH9eE0Nt89jBVPIDsRDkfAkOlQRRvae61jMtgPjdSdkwIrcMSxiFEQXQr3o16kE2dZHHrtIW5u7KjRC_22jDEkSpSqjIdTsZ9sWSa_b3H__kqYQ3UCHzlRaFabh/w499-h292/Screenshot+2021-04-11+at+21.36.36.png" width="499" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Publications are predominantly Germanophone before the war (and German-speaking scholars briefly take the lead again in the 1960s). Other than that the expansion is driven by growth in Anglophone and Italian scholarship, through French is not insignificant. Still, even now less than half the total items are in English. The apparent decline in languages other than English in the last decade will probably be mitigated when all the publications of 2018-2020 are listed, though the decline of German is stark. The growth of Spanish is also notable, though this is distorted by the fact that <i>APh</i> barely records Spanish-language scholarship before 1990. Looking in granular detail at the last decade, one finds that several Spanish and some Italian scholars are also writing articles in English (I originally looked to see if the decline of German reflected German scholars writing in English, but it seems that Ammianus is as much out of fashion in Germany-speaking lands as he is experiencing one of those ‘surges of interest’ in Spain). The most predominant ‘other’ language over the last century (after the canonical four plus Spanish) was Latin (29 items); there are a handful of items each in Dutch, Afrikaans, Czech, Russian, and Croatian.</span></div><div>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Here is the pattern for Sidonius.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWUennO58SrOe_SwK3XbYwTKlCFA8OEUvoA8ZQaL3DUUMid2Gk-fQViLI2-Xm_TSefRENYBRS_CTOcIZTfg0lM0ZepFGPEQvla92v1AqBvQqX3e4wEnYad2tS3Defk-ngmnLjpHKXJb7Yp/s1732/Screenshot+2021-04-12+at+22.00.24.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1732" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWUennO58SrOe_SwK3XbYwTKlCFA8OEUvoA8ZQaL3DUUMid2Gk-fQViLI2-Xm_TSefRENYBRS_CTOcIZTfg0lM0ZepFGPEQvla92v1AqBvQqX3e4wEnYad2tS3Defk-ngmnLjpHKXJb7Yp/w505-h296/Screenshot+2021-04-12+at+22.00.24.png" width="505" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Scholarly production is limited and piecemeal from the 1920s to the 1970s, though for understandable reasons French is usually the lead language. The notable story is the growth of Italian scholarship. Franca Ela Consolino’s ‘Codice retorico’ (1974) and Isabella Gualandri’s Furtiva lectio (1979) are normally seen as the foundations for modern literary scholarship on Sidonius, but it is not until the 1990s that Italian takes the lead. In the last, highly productive decade of Sidonius scholarship, French is currently in second place, and English third.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">***</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">A few thoughts. First of all, and unsurprisingly, sometimes scholarship really does boom/ surge/ explode. National trends or trends within a single academic culture can lead the way. Second, I do not propose here to get into the quarrels on the Classicists’ list, but this much seems clear: it may be that more and more classical scholarship will be written in English in the coming years, but it is very far from evident that this will inevitably be the case.</span></p><p><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Appendix</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Some caveats on the source information.<i> L'Année Philologique</i> is not comprehensive and omits many works (a comparison with Jenkins’ Ammianus bibliography or with the bibliography on sidonapol.org would be revealing here). The lack of Spanish works before 1990 seems implausible, for example. It has some deliberate omissions (introductions of edited books are not listed as separate articles, even if they are lengthy and significant contributions). Especially in the last decades of the twentieth century, the tagging of languages is not reliable (as shown <a href="https://twitter.com/tzetzes/status/1380606590340980748" target="_blank">here</a>) and so I compiled my own lists; in more recent years, 9 works on Ammianus whose titles begin with Latin elements have been miscatalogued as being in Latin (I have not reallocated them in the tables above). In the older entries there are some doublets, mostly in the case of monographs that were in two or more successive issues because new reviews had appeared since the last issue. For reasons I could not understand, the same search sometimes produced marginally different results (numbers different by one or two), but not to an extent that made a serious difference.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">For tables giving figures for the charts above, see <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/127I8idQfZhwPg5wl_JBy7h9lq7Dk8kg_6G_6mPe9Wfw/edit">here</a>.</span></p><p>
</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /> </span><p></p><p><br /></p></div>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-47035437848569010002021-03-26T01:21:00.014+00:002022-07-15T09:42:46.196+00:00A variation on prose rhythm: verse in prose <p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal">One of the hobbies of Latinists – nearly as common as finding
acrostics in poetry, but healthier and more plausible – is finding scraps of Latin
verse in the midst of prose. I don’t mean quotations, but bits of prose that
scan like lines or part lines of poetry, which in the complex quantitative
metres of Latin is a lot harder than, say, an accidental pentameter in English
(‘To boldly go where none has gone before’, as Star Trek didn't say). Notoriously the first line of
Tacitus’ Annals is a rather awkward hexameter (I use macrons and breves for
long and short syllables – scansion fonts are too complicated):</p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> Ūrbēm / Rōm(am)
ā / prīncĭpĭ/ō //
rēg/ēs hăbŭ/ērĕ</div><p class="MsoNormal"> The city of
Rome from the beginning was governed by kings…</p><p class="MsoNormal">This is a theme of historical writing, as Sallust’s <i>Jugurtha</i>
similarly began with a hexameter, in this case a <i>spondeiazon</i>: </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> Bēllūm /
scrīptū/rūs // sūm / quōd pŏpŭ/lūs Rō/mānŭs…</p><p class="MsoNormal"> I am about
to write the war that the Roman people…</p><p class="MsoNormal">And Livy’s massive history with most of a hexameter:</p><p class="MsoNormal"> Fāctū/rūsn(e)
ŏpĕ/raē //
prĕtĭ/ūm sīm /
si…</p><p class="MsoNormal"> Whether I
would be doing something worthwhile if…<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">And it is indicative, perhaps, of historiographical
pretensions that the first emperor began the inscription of his deeds, the <i>Res
Gestae</i>, with a hexameter (still metrical for most of the second line,
indeed):</p><p class="MsoNormal"> Rērūm / gēstā/rūm
// dīu/(i) Aūgūs/tī quĭbŭs / ōrbĕm</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>tērrā/r(um)
īmpĕrĭ/ō //
pŏpŭ/lī Rō/mānī… </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">Of the deeds achieved by the
defied Augustus in which [he subdued] the world to the power of the Roman
people</p><p class="MsoNormal">Recently, Tony Woodman (‘Numerosus Horatius?’, <i>CQ </i>69
(2019), 911-12) spotted that another Augustan prose inscription, that commemorating
the Secular Games of 17 <span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">bc</span> (<i>CIL</i>
6.32323 = <i>ILS</i> 5050), referred to the poet Horace’s <i>Carmen saeculare</i>
in metre – not the sapphics in which it was written, but another of his
favoured metres, the first Asclepiad:</p><p class="MsoNormal"> cārmēn / cōmpŏsŭīt //
Quīntŭs
Hŏrā/tĭūs </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Flaccus</p><p class="MsoNormal"> The poem
was composed by Q. Horatius Flaccus </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjcMzKvDARqXjHRvzino5Yq4P_T-URlukh8yGd5xkGLnkgXzLMRvVfBUjCOd8nxbr139w7indT4_ci0VHQjF4o8vStG6P2uKBc2D1HWJqyENLPn4pc9wbw-F1FCzhfAiPpBdY2FTX5l_S/s800/080573-6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjcMzKvDARqXjHRvzino5Yq4P_T-URlukh8yGd5xkGLnkgXzLMRvVfBUjCOd8nxbr139w7indT4_ci0VHQjF4o8vStG6P2uKBc2D1HWJqyENLPn4pc9wbw-F1FCzhfAiPpBdY2FTX5l_S/s320/080573-6.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Today I was discussing with colleagues software to scan prose and identify prose rhythm – a rather different matter, not least
since Latin prose rhythm normally shuns poetic metres, and has less fixed
rules. Still, electronic searches could identify many more instances of verse fragments in prose. In any case,
the discussion inspires me to jot down a couple of other cases of verse in prose that I
have spotted over the years.</p><p class="MsoNormal">In Seneca’s <i>Apocolocyntosis</i>
9, a proposal is made in the Olympian senate to accept the recently deified Claudius
as a god: </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">censeo uti divus Claudius ex hac die
deus sit, ita uti ante eum qui optimo iure factus sit, eamque rem ād Mĕtă/mōrphō/sīs
// Ŏvĭd/(i) ādĭcĭ/ēndăm</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">I propose that the deified
Claudius from this day be a god, just as anybody before him who has been made
one with full rights, and that this matter be added to Ovid’s Metamorphoses.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The jesting reference to Ovid’s epic of unnatural
transformations is matched by the figure of the prose turning into the last
five feet of a hexameter (scanning <i>adicio</i>, as is common, as <i>adjicio</i>).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Half a century later, in Tacitus’ <i>Histories</i>, the
historian pronounces a notorious judgment on the emperor Galba (<i>Hist</i>.
1.54):</p><p class="MsoNormal"> …omnium consensu
‘căpāx
/ īmpĕrĭ/ī nĭs/(i) īmpĕr/āssĕt’. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> By general
consent capable of imperial rule – if he had never reigned.</p><p class="MsoNormal">This is a phalaecian hendecasyllable. In Tacitus’ day the
first two syllables of the metre were normally both long, but its greatest
Latin practitioner Catullus had allowed one of the two to be short. It is
tempting to wonder whether we might not be dealing with a quotation from a
poem.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Tacitus, though a famous orator, is not usually seen as an
adherent of conventional prose rhythm – that is of the artistic rhythms at ends
of clauses, differing from those of verse, that were imported from Greek into
Roman oratory in the late republican period, and that spread into many other
genres. History-writing, at least up to Tacitus, is not thought to be one of
those genres. However, the recent article of Tom Keeline and Tyler Kirby, ‘<i>Auceps
syllabarum</i>’, in <i>Journal of Roman Studies </i>109 (2019), 161-204, uses electronic searching to look systematically at metrical prose rhythm across a
great number of early imperial authors. While Tacitus shuns conventional
artistic rhythms in the <i>Annals</i> and in most of the <i>Histories</i>, his <i>Dialogue
on orators </i>has a statistically significant number of them, unsurprisingly
for a famous orator; so does the <i>Germania </i>and the speeches in both the <i>Agricola
</i>and the <i>Histories</i>. Keeline and Kirby do not find the Agricola outside
the speeches significantly clausulated.</p><p class="MsoNormal">But there are dangers of looking statistically for prose rhythm, rather than reading the text.
The rhetorical preface of the <i>Agricola </i>does read to me as clausulated,
none less than the last phrase of the first paragraph: <i>tam saeua et infesta
uirtutibus tempora</i>, so savage and hostile to virtues were the times. Not
just the conventional clausula of the double cretic (long short long), but four
cretics in a row:</p><p class="MsoNormal"> Tam / saēu(a)
ĕt
īn/fēstă
uīr/tūtĭbūs/ tēmpŏră.</p><p>
<!--EndFragment--></p><p class="MsoNormal">Tacitus spoke of fifteen years of literary silence under Domitian. This blog has been silent for a shorter period, of about a year, under circumstances trying for most of us. In any case, things will get better, and I will try to add further posts, extending this series on prose rhythm, in the coming weeks. </p>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-54905800629822125102020-03-01T23:26:00.001+00:002021-03-26T13:57:46.310+00:00Prose rhythm and an emendation in a Donatist martyr act <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Following on from last weekend’s post on the <i><a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2020/02/te-deum-laudamus.html" target="_blank">Te deum</a></i>,
I offer another example of how important prose rhythm is in understanding late
Latin texts – and also how neglected. The following passage is one which I would
not normally have read. The Donatist schism polarised north African Christianity
long after the Great Persecution initiated by Diocletian in 303, and was still the
most important feature of the religious landscape of Latin north Africa in the age of Augustine, a
century and more afterwards. However historically important they may be, I must
admit that Christian heresies and schisms somehow do not capture my interest,
and that the details tend to slip my mind soon after taking them in. The passage
I shall discuss was sneaked into my awareness through appearing on the handout at
a splendid talk given by Neil McLynn at the Oxford Late Roman seminar a couple of weeks
ago. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In the year 347, the arrival in Africa of two imperial
<i>notarii</i>, Macarius and Paulus, precipitated violent disagreements after a period
in which the Donatists had largely been left alone. Marculus was a Donatist
bishop who went with others to protest, was arrested, tortured, and eventually
executed by being hurled off a cliff on 29 November 347. Others questioned the facts (Augustine
thought Marculus had jumped), but such is the account of the <i>Passio benedicti martyris
Marculi</i>. The <i>Passio</i>’s survival was doubtless aided by the fact that readers
did not know that it was a Donatist text. After all, they Donatists did not
call themselves by that name, and their rivals, whom we call catholics, they named <i>traditores</i>,
translatable as traitors but in fact alluding to the claim that they had handed over scriptures to the persecutors. The <i>Passio</i> is an artful and well written
text, but little attention has been paid to it: the text of Jean-Louis Maier
in <i>Le dossier du Donatisme </i>(Berlin 1987-9), 1.275-291, is confessedly taken over
from Migne’s text in <i>Patrologia Latina</i> 8.760-766, which is itself more or less
taken over from Mabillon’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YtTDt4oBhgEC&pg=PA610&dq=Mabillon+veterum+analectorum+IV&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5poiRlvrnAhUKYcAKHZ1ZAukQuwUIYDAG#v=onepage&q=Constantis&f=false" target="_blank"><i>Analecta vetera </i>vol. 4</a> (1685), 105-115. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The passage in question (<i>Passio Marculi </i>3.10) is printed
in the editions more or less as follows: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Ecce subito de Constantis regis
tyrannica domo et de palatii eius arce pollutum Macarianae persecutionis murmur
increpuit. et duabus bestiis ad Africam missis, eodem scilicet Macario et Paulo,
exsecrandum prorsus et dirum ecclesiae certamen indictum est; ut populus
Christianus ad unitatem cum traditoribus faciendam nudatis militum gladiis et
draconum praesentibus signis et tubarum uocibus cogeretur.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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[I have made a couple of corrections: Mabillon and Migne have
<i>unionem </i>rather than <i>unitatem</i>, against the consensus of the
manuscripts* and Latin idiom, and somehow Migne and Maier have managed to
change Mabillon’s <i>tubarum</i>, which is also in the manuscripts, to <i>turbarum</i>.]<i>
<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Behold, suddenly from the tyrannical
home of Constans the king and from the citadel of his palace, the polluted rumblings
of the Macarian persecution sounded forth, and through the sending to Africa of
two wild beasts, namely the same Macarius and Paulus, an altogether damnable
and ominous war was declared on the church, with the aim that the Christian
people should be compelled to unity with the betrayers, while the soldiers’ swords
were drawn, the dragon standards present, and to the sound of the war-trumpets.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It immediately struck me that the passage was written with
attention to both accentual and metrical prose rhythm – and almost as instantly
that there was a problem. In what follows <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2020/02/te-deum-laudamus.html" target="_blank">as in last week’s post</a>, I = cursus
planus, II = cursus tardus, III = cursus velox, x = absence of cursus; C = cretic
(long short long), S = spondee (long long), T = tribrach (short short short), D
= ditrochee (long short long short):<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ecce subito de Constantis regis tyrannica domo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
et de palatii eius arce<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
pollutum Macarianae persecutionis murmur increpuit.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>II, CT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Et duabus bestiis ad Africam missis<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>I, CS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(eodem scilicet Macario et Paulo)<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>? (quasi CS if
elision)†<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
exsecrandum prorsus et dirum ecclesiae certamen indictum
est,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I (CS if elision)/ II (CC)†<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ut populus Christianus ad unitatem cum traditoribus
faciendam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>III<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
nudatis militum gladiis<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>II,
CT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
et draconum praesentibus signis<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>I, CS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
et tubarum uocibus cogeretur.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>III, CD<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The clausulation is very regular and even two cases where standard metrical clausulae are missing --<i>tyrānn</i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ĭ</span></i><i>cā d</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>ŏ</i></span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">mō</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">tradi-tōr</i><i style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ĭ</span></i><i style="font-size: 12pt;">būs f</i><i style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ă</span></i><i style="font-size: 12pt;">c</i><i style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ĭ</span></i><i style="font-size: 12pt;">ēnd</i><i style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ă</span></i><i style="font-size: 12pt;">m </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">-- are close to the cretic spondee and cretic ditrochee rhythms respectively, and both maintain cursus.</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;"> </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The exception comes in the second line. We should correct to read:</span><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ecce subito de Constantis regis tyrannica domo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
et de palatii eius arce pollut<b>a</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I,
CS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Macarianae persecutionis murmur increpuit.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>II,
CT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
Behold, suddenly from the tyrannical
home of Constans the king and from the polluted citadel of his palace, the rumblings
of the Macarian persecution sounded forth…<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And instantly, we find that two other problems are solved:
there is now parallelism with the first clause (adjective, genitive and noun)
and in the following clause an illogical combination of adjective and noun (polluted
murmuring?) no longer challenges translators. Nor is the corruption a difficult
one, with a following <i>m</i> encouraging dittography and the potential for an
<i>a</i> written with a gap at the top in early Carolingian script (a bit like <i>cc</i>)
to be misread as a <i>u</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the first place, this should remind us that schismatic
Christians were just as capable of writing in elaborate rhythmical art-prose as
others, and that it is really is a very widespread feature of later Latin
literature. Secondly, it is striking that the <i>Passio Marculi </i>lacks a
modern critical edition – and it is far from alone in texts from late antiquity
in that fact. And indeed, it is one of many texts written in clausulated prose whose
editors did their job either without a knowledge of prose rhythm or without an appreciation
of its relevance to their task. Over a century after the rediscovery of Latin
prose rhythm, there must be many thousands of corrections to be made in Latin
literary and subliterary texts on that basis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*Manuscripts: I have not had time to investigate fully, but with
the help of H. Deleheye, ‘Domnus Marculus’, <i>AB </i>53 (1935), 81-89, I know
of four manuscripts, of which three are digitised:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-Paris, BNF, Lat. 5643, 35r-44r, considered 11th-century
by the library, and as a/the source of the <i>editio princeps </i><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10034493j/f37.item">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10034493j/f37.item</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-Paris, BNF, Lat. 12612, 79v-83v, 14th century,
formerly Corbie and cited as such in Migne <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90668292/f80.item">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90668292/f80.item</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, C.10.i, 243v-246r (9th century,
now kept long-term in Sankt Gallen, where it originates) <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/zbz/C0010i/243v/0/Sequence-1137">https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/zbz/C0010i/243v/0/Sequence-1137</a></span></u><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-Brussels 9289, 106-107v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
†Elision: it would take an analysis of the whole work to
decide whether to elide <i>indictum est </i>and <i>Macario et</i> or to
maintain the hiatus. In the latter case, elision would not quite create a
cretic spondee clausula as the second syllable of Macarius is short, but this
is a nuance of which fourth century Latin-speakers probably would not have been aware.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</style>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-39845532095263016752020-02-23T10:06:00.000+00:002020-02-28T06:41:18.326+00:00Te deum laudamus<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Reading
Dag Norberg’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction to the
Study of Medieval Latin Versification</i>, I came across his account of the ancient
hymn <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Te deum laudamus</i>. Having
described both the metrical and accentual poetry of the Middle Ages, Norberg
turns to things that are neither. Latin translations of the bible introduced
the possibility of something that did not present
regularity in either metrical or accentual terms – either in the distribution
of heavy and light or accented and unaccented syllables – but that was still
unmistakably poetry. This phenomenon was evident in the translations of the psalms,
and in the New Testament it could be found in the <i>Magnificat</i> (Luke 1:46-55), the <i>Benedictus </i>(Luke 1:68-79), and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">the </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Nunc dimittis </i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Luke 2:29-32)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">. To these Norberg adds the </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Te
deum</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> (p. 156 of the English translation):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">‘Following
the models supplied by biblical poetry, poets also composed new poems… The best
known among these, belonging to the first centuries of Christianity, is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Te Deum</i>, which by the parallelism between
its words and its ideas, gives us a representative image of this form of
poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Te
deum laudamus,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>te
dominum confitemur,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">te aeternum patrem omnis terra
veneratur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">tibi omnes angeli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">tibi caeli et universae potestates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">tibi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cherubim et seraphim incessabili voce
proclamant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sanctus
sanctus sanctus dominus deus Sabaoth’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">For me,
having spent much of my teens and twenties ‘in quires and places where they
sing’ the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Te deum</i> has a special resonance,
indeed all the greater since the Anglican church has generally retreated from having
Mattins as a major service. In legend the <i>Te deum</i> was composed
antiphonally by Ambrose and Augustine as the first baptised the second at
Easter 387. A letter of Cyprian of Toulon, to be dated between 524 and 533 (MGH <i>Epistolae </i>3.434-6 <a href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_epp_3/index.htm#page/435/mode/1up" target="_blank">at 436</a>) quotes lines from it as a hymn that the whole church throughout the world sings every day, <i>in hymno quem omnis ecclesia toto orbe receptum canit, cottidie dicimus</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">But is it
in fact poetry? In its phrasing it conforms rather to the patterns of late Latin
artistic prose. The defining characteristic of such prose is rhythm at the end
of clauses. The rhythms are a development from the metrical clausulae famously
used by Cicero (but actually much more widespread in Latin and previously Greek
literature). The standard accentual clausulae of late antique prose are as follows (where
ó is an accented and ~ and unaccented syllable):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">ó~~ó~
(<i>cursus planus</i>), e.g., <i>vóce proclámant</i>, <i>déum laudámus</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">ó~~ó~~
(<i>cursus tardus</i>), e.g., <i>laúdat exércitus</i>, <i>fámulis súbveni</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">ó~~~~ó~
(<i>cursus velox</i>), e.g. <i>dóminum confitémur</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">These
derive from the metrical clausulae. Thus <i>vōcĕ
prō/clāmānt</i>, the <i>cursus planus</i>, corresponds to the cretic (long short long)
and spondee (two longs): As long as there is a word break after the second or
third syllable of the five, there will always by the regular rules of Latin
accentuation be a stressed syllable at the start of each foot: hence the rise
of the cursus. Similarly the <i>cursus tardus </i>arises from the double cretic
clausula such as <i>lāudăt ēx/ērcĭtūs</i>) or from the cretic and tribrach (three shorts) such as <i>laud-ābilīs
/ n</i><i>ŭmĕrŭs</i>; both of these
are favoured metrical clausulae in the early centuries AD. [Note, by the way,
that it is indifferent whether the last syllable is long or short, hence the
inconsistent use of metrical feet ending in a long and a short; the final
syllable of <i>exercitus </i>and<i> numerus </i>in reality has the same
quantity. Please just bear with the inconsistency]. Now the nature of the late
antique accentual clausulae, as used in many authors, is that even if there may
be a preference for the canonical metrical clausulae, other arrangements of
syllables that give the same rhythmical effect are also admitted: some of these
may be close to the metrical original. <i>f</i><i>ămŭlīs sūbvĕnī</i>, for example,
is an anapaest (short short long) and a cretic; others are a bit further away: <i>deum
laudamus</i> begins with a short and a long instead of the long and short of a
cretic spondee clausula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Two
more clausulae need to be described to complete the picture. The third main
accentual ending, the <i>cursus velox</i>, originally derives from a cretic and
a ditrochee (long short long short), though even in more strictly metrical
authors, the cretic in particular tends to be varied (so <i>dominum / confitemur
</i>is anapaest and ditrochee). Finally, a metrical clausula which many others like is
a variant on the cretic spondee, where the cretic is replaced by a first paeon
(long short short short): the famous <i>ēss</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">ĕ</span> v</i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">ĭdĕātŭr </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">for which Cicero was notorious.
Scholars of accentual prose rhythm have called this the <i>cursus trispondaicus</i>.
In late antique prose it very often preserves the original metrical form: <i>térra
vene/rátur </i>is both a metrical and accentual example of this ending.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Others
too have pointed out that <i>Te deum laudamus </i>is in fact a prose hymn (Norberg himself later calls it 'poetry in prose', and see
for example the notes of P. G. Walsh and C. Husch, <i>One Hundred Latin Hymns </i>(Cambridge
Mass., 2012), 401, or the learned blogpost by Fr Edward McNamara, a Professor at the Regina Apostolorum University, <a href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/te-deum-4535" target="_blank">here</a>); but I have not found any
account that explains in detail how this prose hymn works. So I here offer a reading of
the <i>Te deum laudamus </i>as clausulated prose. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I
indicate the clausulae with the signs I, II, III for <i>cursus planus</i>, <i>tardus</i>, and
<i>velox</i>, 3 for <i>cursus trispondaicus</i>, x = an absence of regular cursus.
Metrical clausulae are noted where they exist: C = cretic, S = spondee, T=
tribrach, P<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1</span> = first paeon, D = ditrochee, Da = dactyl, Ap =
anapaest. I have given the translation from the Book of Common Prayer, though
not always the most accurate, out of respect for its own historical importance.
You can find a translation by Walsh and Husch in <i>One Hundred Christian Hymns</i>, and
one by Matthew Hoskin <a href="https://thewitnesscloud.wordpress.com/2016/08/26/we-praise-you-o-god-te-deum-laudamus/" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Te deum laudamus,<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">te dominum confitemur<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>III,
ApD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">te
aeternum patrem omnis terra veneratur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>3,
P<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1</span>S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">tibi
omnes angeli, tibi caeli et universae potestates,<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">tibi
cherubim et seraphim incessabili voce proclamant:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I, CS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Sanctus
sanctus sanctus dominus deus Sabaoth,<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestate
gloriae tuae<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>We
praise thee, O God,<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>We
acknowledge thee to be the Lord.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>All the
earth doth worship thee, the Father everlasting<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>To the all
angels cry aloud, the heavens and all the powers therein<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>To thee
Cherubim and Seraphim continually do cry<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Holy holy
holy Lord God of Hosts<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Heaven and
earth are full of the majesty of thy glory.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(The
ending <i>dominus deus Sabaoth</i> is anomalous in two ways: first, it presents
the Hebrew word Sabaoth (accented in Greek on the final syllable; I do not know
how it was accented in fifth-century Latin, though it is on the first later in
the Middle Ages); secondly it is a part of a quotation from the angels’ cry,
originally in Isaiah 6.3, and a quotation should not be expected to preserve
rhythm; the same might be said of the following line too).</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Te gloriosus apostolorum chorus,<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
te prophetarum laudabilis numerus,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>II, CT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
te martyrum candidatus laudat exercitus.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>II, CC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Te per orbem terrarum sancta confitetur ecclesia:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>II, CC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Patrem inmensae maiestatis,<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>3<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
venerandum tuum verum unicum filium,<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>II, CC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
sanctum quoque paraclitum spiritum.<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>II, CC</div>
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><i>The glorious company of the Apostles praise thee,</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><i>The goodly fellowship of the Prophets praise thee,</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 48px;"><i>The noble army of Martyrs praise thee.</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 48px;"><i>The holy Church throughout all the world doth acknowledge thee,</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 48px;"><i>The Father of an infinite Majesty;</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 48px;"><i>Thine honourable, true, and only Son;</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 48px;"><i>Also the Holy Ghost, the Comforter.</i></span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;">(Here all but the first clause show a regular clausula. Note
that I assume </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;">paraclitus</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"> was scanned short long short long: even though
it is from the Greek </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;">parákleitos</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">, the antepenultimate accent normally
led to the treatment of the penultimate syllable as short: see e.g. Prudentius </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;">Cath</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">.
5.160, </span><i style="text-indent: 36pt;">Perist</i><span style="text-indent: 36pt;">. 10.430. Moreover, we can start to note a series of
clauses ending in parallel rhythms and often scansions). </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Tu rex gloriae Christe;<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>I, CS</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
tu patris sempiternus es filius.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>II, CC<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
non horruisti virginis uterum.<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>II, DaT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Tu devicto mortis aculeo <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>II, DaC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
aperuisti credentibus regna caelorum.<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>I, CS<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Tu ad dexteram dei sedes in gloria patris.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I, CS<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;">
Iudex crederis esse venturus I, CS</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i msonormal="" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 48px;">Thou art the King of glory, O Christ;</i><br />
<i msonormal="" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 48px;">Thou art the everlasting son of the father.</i><br />
<i msonormal="" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 48px;">W</i><i msonormal="" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 48px;">hen thou tookest upon thee to deliver man,</i><br />
<i style="text-indent: 48px;">Thou didst not abhor the virgin’s womb.</i><br />
<i style="text-indent: 48px;">When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death,</i><br />
<i style="text-indent: 48px;">Thou didst open the kingdom of heaven to all believers.</i><br />
<i style="text-indent: 48px;">Thou sittest at the right hand of God in the glory of the Father.</i><br />
<i style="text-indent: 48px;">We believe that thou shalt come to be our judge.</i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i>
<br />
<div style="text-indent: 48px;">
Te ergo quaesumus, tuis famulis subveni,<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>II, ApC</div>
<div style="text-indent: 48px;">
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;">quos pretioso sanguine redemisti III</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 48px;">
<span style="text-indent: 36pt;">Aeterna fac cum sanctis tuis in gloria numerari III</span></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">We
therefore pray thee, help thy servants,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Whom
thou hast redeemed with thy precious blood.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Make
them to be numbered with thy saints in glory everlasting. </span></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(For the
last clausula I have printed the standard liturgical text, but it would in fact
be a regular cretic ditrochee if one accepts the reading <i>munerari </i>and deletes<i> in</i>, ‘make
them to be rewarded with eternal glory alongside thy saints’, for which the manuscript evidence seems
to be superior: see M. Frost, ‘Te Deum Laudamus: The Received Text’, <i>JTS </i>43
(1942), 59-68. The fidelity of the hymn as a whole to metrical clausulae is not
so strong as to compel this, but it is an additional argument in favour of <i>gloria munerari</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">There
seems to be a consensus that the verses that follow are added later, mostly
from the psalms, a fact that is dramatically illustrated by the sudden thinning
out of clausulae: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Salvum fac populum tuum domine et benedic hereditati tuae;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">et rege eos et extolle illos usque in aeternum.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Per singulos dies benedicimus te<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">et laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>II, CC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Dignare domine die isto sine peccato nos custodire.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Miserere nostri domine miserere nostri<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>x</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Fiat misericordia tua domine super nos<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>x</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">quemadmodum speravimus in te<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>x</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In te domine speravi; non confundar in</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">aeternum.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">O Lord,
save thy people and bless thine heritage;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Govern
them and lift them up for ever.<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Day be day we magnify thee;</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">And we worship thy name, ever world without end.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day without sin.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">O Lord ,have mercy upon us, have mercy upon us.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us,</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">As our trust is in thee.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">O Lord, in thee have I trusted; let me never be confounded.</span></i><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
difference in these last verses is stark: the regular use of final
monosyllables, or of lines where there is only one intermediate syllable. They
illustrate by contrast the technique of the previous lines: short phrases of a
particular length, parallel or adjacent clauses often emphasised by the same
rhythm and even sometimes metre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The basic point I make here is not unknown to liturgical specialists. But it comes as a surprise to most of those whom I mention it to and Dag Norberg seems not to have heard about it; so it bears repeating and illustrating. More widely, this is symptomatic of the fact that prose rhythm in
Latin -- perhaps because there is no direct equivalent in modern societies -- has tended to be seen as something rather obscure and mysterious. In fact, it was an absolutely central element of how educated and formal writing and performative speech worked in the Roman world. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Here are a couple of my favourite <i>Te deum </i>settings. by Henry Purcell, and Marc-Antoine Charpentier:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-89130263186469212962019-10-05T14:44:00.008+00:002023-07-25T08:40:05.567+00:00Addenda and Corrigenda to Jenkins' Bibliography of Ammianus Marcellinus<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">For
my review of Jenkins’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ammianus
Marcellinus: An Annotated Bibliography</i> see <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-new-bibliography-of-ammianus.html" target="_blank">here</a><span id="goog_27146140"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_27146141"></span>. I'll try to update the post as I work on Ammianus' text in the coming years -- a task vastly facilitated by Jenkins' book. [update -- thanks to Alan Ross for a couple of addenda in the comments, now incorporated in the text 23.2.2020; thanks to Raphael Brendel for some further addenda (Hansen; Den Boer; Cameron 2012), and for suggesting that I add references to other reviews 26.5.2020; updated with Hermann 29.7.2020; updated 4.4.2022, 15.7.2022, 25.7.2023].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 1
Bibliographies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">B1984-01</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Caltabiano’s
forename, Matilde, is missing (p. 9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 2 Editions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>E1533-02 </b><i>Omnia quam antehac emendatiora. Annotationes Des. Erasmi & Egnatii cognitu dignae. C. Suetonius Tranquillus. Dion Cassius. Aelius Spartianus. Iulius Capitolinus. Aelius Lampridius. Vulcatius Gallicanus. Trebellius Pollio. Flavius Vopiscus. Herodianus Politiano interp. Sex. Aurelius Victor. Pomponius Laetus. Io. Baptista Egnatius. Ammianus Marcellinus quatuor libris auctus. Cum indicibus copiosis</i>. Basileae: in officina Frobeniana, 1533.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">The title of this compendium, containing Gelenius' edition, should be printed as above: the order given by Jenkins (p. 15) takes the list of authors as being in two columns rather than from left to right.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">E1544-01</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum libri XVIII a decimoquarto ad
trigesimum primum. Nam XIII priores desiderantur. Quanto vero castigatior hic
scriptor nunc prodeat, ex Hieronymi Frobenii epistola, quam hac de causa
addimus, cognosces. Librum trigesimum primum qui in exemplari Frobeniano non
habetur, adiecimus ex codice Mariangeli Accursii. </i>Parisiis: Ex officina
Rob. Stephani typographi Regij, 1544.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Jenkins
writes (p. 15): ‘Estienne reprinted the text of Gelenius (E1533-02), including
Hieronymus Froben’s preface. He also added the missing books 30.9.7-31 from the
edition of Accursius (E1533-01).’ However, Estienne in fact missed out the last
chapter of book 30 (30.10) when adding book 31.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">E1693-01</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Jacobus Gronovius’
1693 edition of Ammianus (p. 20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Note
also the illustrations in this book, which include medallions of the various
emperors as well as the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammiani_Marcellini_Rerum_gestarum_qui_de_XXXI_supersunt,_libri_XVIII_(1693)_(14759955776).jpg" target="_blank">battle of Strasbourg</a> and the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammiani_Marcellini_Rerum_gestarum_qui_de_XXXI_supersunt,_libri_XVIII_(1693)_(14596290409).jpg" target="_blank">siege of Amida</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">E1871-01 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Eyssenhardt, Franz, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum libri quae
supersunt</i>. Berlin: Vahlen, 1871.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">This
should read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qui supersunt </i>(p. 22)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">E1874-01 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Gardthausen, Victor
Emil, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum
quae supersunt</i>. Leipzig: Teubner, 1874-75.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Likewise,
this should read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qui supersunt </i>(p.
22).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">E1910-01</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Clark, Charles Upson.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum libri
qui supersunt</i>. Berlin: Weidman, 1910-1915<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">The
title should have been given in full, both to include the names of Clark’s
supervisors/ collaborators, and because of the reference to the important fact
of Clark’s recognition of clausulation. After <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supersunt</i>, add: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recensuit
rhythmiceque distinxit Carolus U. Clark, adiuvantibus Ludovico Traube et
Gulielmo Heraeo</i> (p.23).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">In
the list of reviews, that by Frank Gardner Moore is said to be in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Classical World</i> 4 (1910), 45-46: in
fact, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Classical Weekly</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Cross-refer
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1911-08 </b>R. Novák, ‘Kritische
Nachlese zu Ammianus Marcellinus’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wiener
Studien </i>33 (1911) 293-322, a response to the first volume of Clark’s
edition (notable for the remark that the application of insights from prose
rhythm was equivalent in value for the text to the discovery of another major
manuscript).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><b>E1978-01 </b>Seyfarth, Wolfgang, Lieselotte Jacob-Karau, and Ilse Ullmann, <i>Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum quae supersunt</i>. Leipzig: Teubner, 1978. The review cited by André (<i>RPh </i>53 (1979), 252) is in fact of the fourth volume of Seyfarth</span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’s bilingual version (E1968-02), at which point it is correctly recorded. (p. 27, cf. p. 26).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Chapter 4 Commentaries</b> </span></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>C1948-01 </b>Jonge, Pieter de. <i>Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XV, 1-5</i>. Groningen: Wolters, 1948. It is wrongly stated that the two earlier volumes (1935, 1939) had been in Dutch: in fact in German (see C1935-01, C1939-02)</span></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 5
Concordances, Indexes and Lexica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">In
the preface to his edition, Clark records that Michael Petschenig had lent him
a concordance of Ammianus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 7 Secondary Studies
before 1800<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1531-01</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Beatus Rhenanus’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Res Germanicae</i>, add Mundt, Felix, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri
tres (1531). Ausgabe, Übersetzung, Studien</i>. Berlin, 2008 (p. 49).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 8 Secondary
Studies, 1800-1899<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>1855 </b>Add Ilberg, Hugo. <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">‘</span>Exercitationes criticae</span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">, <i>Programm des vereinigten Königl. und Stadtgymnasium zu Stettin 1855</i>.<i> </i>Stettin, 1855, 1-15; discussion of Ammianus 29.1.31 at 15 (p. 76). </span><i style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> </i><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> </b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1878-02 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Dederichs, Heinrich, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quaestiones Ammianeae grammaticae et
criticae</i>, Münster. Among the passages that Dederichs deals with, 25.3.5 is
listed; it is in fact 25.3.6 (a mistake on Dederichs’ part, not Jenkins’) (p.
93).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 9 Secondary
Studies, 1900-1999<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1934 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Add Pasquali,
Giorgio, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Storia della tradizione e
critica del testo</i>. Florence: Felice le Monnier, 1934. The textual
transmission of Ammianus is used as an example on pp. 81-83 <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">(p. 177).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1936-07 </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Robinson, R. P. ‘The
Hersfeldensis and Fuldensis of Ammianus Marcellinus’, in R,P. Robinson (ed.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies in Honor of Walter Miller </i>(Columbia,
1936) = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of Missouri Studies</i>
11, 18–40 (p. 191). Jenkins is not systematic in listing reviews of books that
contain single chapters on Ammianus, but I would draw attention to several
reviews that mention this chapter, including C.U. </span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Clark in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AJP</i> 61 (1940), 511-512, G.B.A. Fletcher in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CQ</i> 1945, 77-78, L.W. Jones in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Classical
Weekly</i> 36 (1937), 264-266.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>195</b></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>2</b> Add Hansen, Günther Christian, </span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">‘Tiberius und Constantius im Lichte der senatorischen Geschichtsschreibung des Tacitus und Ammianus</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’, Diplomexamensarbeit, Berlin, 1952.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1964-03</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Alan Cameron’s ‘The
Roman Friends of Ammianus’ was later reprinted in in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies in Late Roman Literature and History </i>(Edipuglia: Bari,
2016), ch. 12 (p. 222).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1965-02</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1967-02 </b>Alan Cameron’s two articles on
the late antique reception of Pliny’s letters were later reprinted in combined
and revised form in R.K. Gibson and C.L. Whitton, The Epistles of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pliny (Oxford Readings in Classical Studies)
</i>(Oxford, 2015), ch. 19 ‘Pliny’s Afterlife’ and in Cameron’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies in Late Roman Literature and History
</i>(Edipuglia: Bari, 2016), ch. 8 as ‘The Fate of Pliny’s Letters in the Late
Empire’. (pp. 226, 232).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>1969 </b>Add Walter, Hermann. <i>Die 'Collectanea rerum memorabilium des C. Julius Solinus. Ihre Entshehung und die Echtheit ihrer Zweitfassung </i>(Hermes Einzelschriften 22: Wiesbaden 1969. There is a discussion on pp/ 44-54 on Ammianus' use of Solinus' text in the second of its two editions.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1971-05 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Den<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Boer, Willem. ‘Ontleningen,
toespelingen, doubletten. Dr geschiedschrijvers van de 4<sup>e</sup> eeuw na
Chr. Aan het werk’. In D.M. Kriel (ed.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro
munere grates: Studies Presented to H.L. Gonin</i>. Pretoria: Departement
Latijn, Universiteit van Pretoria, 1971. Jenkins does not supply page numbers
(which are 59-71), and the Historia Augusta <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vita</i>
referred to is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quadriga Tyrannorum</i>
not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vita Quadrigarii</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1973 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Add Češka, Josef. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Textová kritika ve filologické praxi</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Brno, 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1976-31 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Syme, Sir Ronald.
‘Bogus authors’. In J.A. Straub (ed) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bonner
Historia Augusta Colloquium</i> (Bonn, 1976), 311-22. The title of the article
should be as above, not ‘Bogus names’ (p.283).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1977-07 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Češka, Josef. ‘Die
Gattin des Caesars Gallus: Hiess sie Constantina oder Constantia’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arheološki Vestnik </i>38 (1977) 428-435.
The date is 1977 not 1972 as printed (p. 285).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1977-10</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Fontaine 1977: in the
English summary correct the French spelling Ambroise (p. 285).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1977-22 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Suerbaum 1977: in the
English summary delete surplus <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">‘</span>of’ (‘reviews of earlier of editions (p. 287). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>1983-07</b> To the list of positive reactions to Cappelletto<span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">’</span>s work on Biondo Flavio, add </span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Reeve, Michael D. </span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">‘Classical Scholarship</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’, in J. Kraye, <i>Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism </i>(Cambridge UP, 1996), 20-46, at p. 38.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1984-20</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Issue 9 of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AJAH </i>and Naudé’s article (‘The Date of
the Later Books of Ammianus Marcellinus’) were actually published six years
late in 1990 – which makes a scholarly difference, since the arguments for
publication of Ammianus ca. 390 began being made in the later 1980s (e.g. Rike
1987, Matthews 1989) (p.323).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>1986 </b>add<b> </b>Szidat, Joachim. <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">‘</span>Civitas . . . fabricata est (CIL III.6730). Überlegungen zur Neubefestigung von Amida in den Jahren 367-375 n.Chr. und zur Befestigungstätigkeit von Valens</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’,</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;"><b> </b>in <i>Panegyris Symphilologounton. Festschrift für Thomas Gelzer zum 60. Geburtstag </i>(Bern, 1986), 130-43</span>. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1989-08 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Alan Cameron’s
‘Biondo’s Ammianus’ was later reprinted in slightly altered form in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studies in Late Roman Literature and History
</i>(Edipuglia: Bari, 2016), ch. 11. In Jenkins’ summary, correct Cappelletti
to Cappelletto (p.346).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1990-06 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Broszinski and Teitler’s
article arguably publishes four new fragments of the Hersfeldensis, not three
(p. 353).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1991-32</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> Read ‘revised’ for
‘revise’ (p. 363).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1995-10 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Češka, Josef. ‘De
erroribus a scribis editoribusve tam infeliciter commissis, ut Ammianus
Marcellinus immerito interdum stultus videatur’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LF</i> 118 (1995), 8-19. The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">videatur
</i>is omitted from the title (p. 386).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">1998-26</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> The editor of the
volume in which Den Hengst’s article appears is Jerzy Styka, not Stryka (p.
411).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Chapter 10 Secondary
Studies, 2000-2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>2011-07 </b>To the reviews of Cameron's <i>Last pagans</i> add Gavin Kelly, <i>Classical Review </i>65 (2015) 230-33, reprinted <a href="https://ausonius.blogspot.com/2015/01/alan-camerons-last-pagans-of-rome.html" target="_blank">here</a> (p. 554). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">2011-52</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> In Jenkins’ summary of Ziche 2011, correct spelling of ‘accommodation’ (p. 563).</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">2012-03 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Cameron’s article on
‘Nicomachus Flavianus and the Date of Ammianus’ Last Books’ is reprinted with a slightly altered title (</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">‘Nicomachus Flavianus and Ammianus’s Last Books’) </span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">in</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">his </span><i style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Studies in Late Roman Literature and History </i><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">(Edipuglia: Bari,
2016), ch. 10 (p. 584).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>2013-54 </b>The publication date of eHumanistica 24 should be 2013 not 1913 (p. 584).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>2015-07 </b>The book number for the Artemius episode is missing in the description of the article (22.11.1-3) (p. 596).</span><br />
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">2015-49 </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">(a letter by Andrew
Wallace-Hadrill to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Times</i>): read
‘led’ for ‘lead’ (p. 604).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Index</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"> p. 660 in lemma
Salutius, Saturninus Secundus, read Saturninius.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Other reviews of Jenkins</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Alan Ross in <i><a href="https://ancienthistorybulletin.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/AHBOnlineReviews2017.14.RossOnJenkins.pdf" target="_blank">Ancient History Bulletin</a> </i>online reviews 7 (2017), 43-45.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 11pt;">Álvaro Sanchez-Ostiz in <i>Gnomon </i>92 (2020), 176-177.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">J. Szidat, </span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Eine Bibliographie zu Ammian</span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype"; font-size: 14.6667px;">’,</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"> <i><a href="https://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/2018RR03SzidatonJenkins.pdf" target="_blank">Histos</a> </i>12 (2018), xvi-xix.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">N. Zugravu, <i><a href="https://www.academia.edu/36852301/Nelu_Zugravu_Review_of_FRED_D._JENKINS_Ammianus_Marcellinus._An_Annotated_Bibliography_1474_to_the_Present_Classica_et_Christiana_13_2018_229-233.pdf" target="_blank">Classica et Christiana</a> </i>17 (2018), 229-233 [this review has a list of reprints of editions, websites, and a few works in Romanian omitted by Jenkins]. </span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-5038951054709429622019-10-03T16:26:00.000+00:002020-05-26T15:53:41.629+00:00A New Bibliography of Ammianus MarcellinusThe following review will appear in next year's <i>Classical Review </i>[70.1 (2020), 132-4]. I hope it will be obvious to readers that I think Jenkins' work a remarkable achievement. In the hope of being useful to readers of his book and to students of Ammianus, In another post, I shall add a <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2019/10/addenda-and-corrigenda-to-jenkins.html" target="_blank">tentative list of addenda and corrigenda</a>, which I plan to update as I make further use of the book.<br />
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THE SCHOLARSHIP ON AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">JENKINS (F.W.) <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ammianus Marcellinus. An Annotated Bibliography, 1474 to the Present.</span></i> Pp. xviii + 665. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2017. Cased, €199, US$217. ISBN:<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 978-90-04-32029-1.<o:p></o:p></span></font-family:></div>
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">In 1947 E.A. Thompson mused in the introduction of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus </i>that for every reader of his author, there were probably a thousand readers of Sallust, Livy or Tacitus. That was an exaggeration even then, and Ammianus has attracted a great deal of attention in the intervening period, especially in the last 30 years. The author has been seen both as a great prose-artist and as a writer whose /133/ clunkiness guaranteed his sincerity; as an accurate and faithful guide to the history of the later fourth century and as a nostalgic pagan who wilfully misrepresented or shut his eyes to the reality of the age he lived in. His poor transmission and extravagant style have elicited thousands of conjectural emendations and hundreds of studies of spiky Late Latin vocabulary and syntax; his thematic and geographical range, both in digressions and narrative, has attracted the antiquarians.</font-family:></div>
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<font-family: 12pt="" font-size:="" new="" quot="" roman="" times="">The weighty bibliography under review was published by Brill a year before the completion of the remarkable commentary by J. den Boeft, J.W. Drijvers, D. den Hengst and H.C. Teitler appeared with the same press. (Brill’s website refers to an initial [partial, online?] publication on 14 November 2015, but the text as we have it was clearly finalised in 2016 for publication in 2017.) Professor and Associate Dean for Collections at the University of Dayton, Ohio, Jenkins has performed a monumental service. Like the commentary, this book will provoke the reader’s respect and admiration as well as the gratitude for achieving something most scholars would never attempt.</font-family:></div>
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">The chapters cover the following topics: (1) ‘Bibliographies’; (2) ‘Editions’, (3) ‘Translations’; (4) ‘Commentaries’; (5) ‘Concordances, Indexes and Lexica’; (6) ‘Websites’ (only two of these); (7) ‘Secondary Studies before 1800’; (8) ‘Secondary Studies, 1800–1899’; (9) ‘Secondary Studies, 1900–1999’; and (10) ‘Secondary Studies, 2000–2016’. The volume closes with an index of authors and an index of subjects. Each chapter is organised chronologically by year and then alphabetically by author (except that translations are organised first by the 17 languages into which Ammianus has been translated). Entries are distinguished by date and number, with the letters B, E, T, C, L, W preceding the date in items from the first six chapters. Entries have a brief abstract, occasionally with illustrative quotations, written in a well-informed and generous-spirited manner. These are sometimes supplemented by cross-references to closely related works and, occasionally, in the case of works before 1950, by biographical or bibliographical information on the author. The abstracts of textual articles generally include a complete list of passages discussed: so, although there is no <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">index locorum</i>, scholars will be able to turn up a high proportion of relevant scholarship on particular passages of Ammianus by searching the electronic edition (though not, perhaps, discussions that occur in longer monographs, in reviews or in passing in articles on other topics). Reviews are consistently cited for works specifically on Ammianus and selectively for general works in which Ammianus is featured. Online availability is also announced, selectively in the case of articles. For older books out of copyright in particular Google Books, the Internet Archive, the Münchner Digitalisierungszentrum and other organisations now make accessible works that would previously have been relatively inaccessible to many scholars.</font-family:></div>
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<font-family: 12pt="" font-size:="" new="" quot="" roman="" times="">The bulk of the work is taken up by the four chapters on secondary studies stretching from 1529 to 2016. As mentioned above, scholarship on Ammianus has multiplied notably faster than the rate of classical scholarship as a whole, and a nice illustration comes in the fact that Jenkins’ own 1985 doctorate is less than halfway through these chapters of secondary studies. My own first ‘publication’ in 2002 (a doctoral thesis: indeed </font-family:>Jenkins even includes some Master’s theses) comes when there are still 150 pages of entries to go.</div>
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">Gaps are few. The books and articles identified before 1800 are, as Jenkins acknowledges, not completely comprehensive, but this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">terra incognita </i>may be where the contribution will be greatest. To give two examples: an editor using the first secondary work listed, Beatus Rhenanus’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Res Germanicae </i>(1531), will find a number of generally accepted emendations normally attributed to later scholars and, as I shall show elsewhere, the work can also solve some problems related to the sources of Gelenius’ edition of 1533. (Jenkins does not include Mundt’s edition of Rhenanus’ work with translation and studies.) Secondly, while I asserted confidently ten years ago (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CP </i>104 [2009]) that the chapter divisions and headings /134/ created by Adrien de Valois for his edition of 1681 had been preceded by a different set of divisions and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capitula </i>in the Le Preux edition of 1591, I learned to my own embarrassment of a third set of chapter divisions and headings in the 1611 edition of Gruter.<o:p></o:p></font-family:></div>
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">Works that are not specifically about Ammianus are the other area where selectivity might be expected, but here too Jenkins is catholic in his approach. The inclusion of historical works that discuss Ammianus’ period is commendably broad. I can point to two general works on Latin textual criticism containing significant discussion of Ammianus’ transmission that are omitted: G. Pasquali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Storia della tradizione e critica del testo </i>(1934, with many reprints) and J. Češka, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Textová kritika ve filologické praxi </i>(1973). Having pedantically pointed out the latter omission, it is only fair to emphasise that, as far as I can judge, Jenkins seems to have done an outstanding job at identifying and including material in Slavic languages. </font-family:><br />
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<font-family: new="" quot="" roman="" times="">I could at this point list other arguable omissions and typos and offer corrections on points of detail but such a list would be strikingly short and trivial for a work of 650 pages, and it would risk misrepresenting Jenkins' admirable diligence and dedication and real success. Speaking as somebody who has been working on this author from a literary, historical, and textual approach for more than 20 years, I was introduced to a daunting number of works unknown to me by this book. For those working consistently on Ammianus or those dipping in to check for a detail, this is a remarkably useful resource.</font-family:><br />
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Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-43433003184075724302018-11-21T08:30:00.002+00:002020-02-23T13:35:10.186+00:00TELA MONOSYLLABORVM LATINORVM, sive LVDVS AVSONIANVS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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I have invented a game for Latin classes and life in
general, which I name in honour of the author of the Technopaegnion. The rules are simple, the required tools pens and a whiteboard, or chalk and a blackboard, or a
big piece of paper if there are fewer of you. You start with a Latin monosyllable
and may change, add, or subtract one letter at a time to give another
monosyllable. For example, you would expect <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mos</i>
to be a good starting point in Latin, and it gives <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mas </i>(male), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mors</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nos</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vos</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bos</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dos</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hos</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, <i>ros</i>,</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>and two identically spelled words
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">os</i>. From <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mas</i> you get <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mars</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as </i>(penny), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">das</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fas</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">has</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nas
</i>(you swim), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vas</i>; from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mus</i>, you derive <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sus, tus</i>. Oblique
forms are fine, but somebody will at some point introduce a disyllable by mistake. Write
the first word in the middle of the board and draw dashes or arrows from each
word to its neighbours. With a big enough board two or three individuals can
work on this at once, while others heckle, and soon you will have a complex
web. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The first flush of enjoyment comes from simply coming up with a large list of words quickly; the second comes in adding the less common
words (it was interesting that my class got <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nix</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nex</i> from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nox</i> but had to be told <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nux</i>),
or from working out how to get words you know into the web. One interesting
part of the game is to identify words that cannot be changed to another
monosyllable by the alteration, addition, or removal of a letter (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vult </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dein</i>, for example). And once you get used to the idea, you can start
thinking of ways to get from A to B, let us say from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nunc</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cras</i>:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>my first thoughts were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nunc, hunc, hinc, hic, dic, duc, dux, nux,
nox, mox, mos, mus, rus, res, Cres, cras</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But actually it’s quicker
to go <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cras</i>. Perhaps
somebody can shorten this? [afterthought: Yes! <i>hunc</i>, <i>huc</i>, <i>duc</i>!]<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I started the game on the board as people were walking in
before class, and it only took about 8 minutes of actual class time. Then at
the end, one of our number got up and added the extra 25 or so items
she had thought of in the interim (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gratias
ago Gratiae</i>). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4oq0AETPTT0GX8qfBBQbwM5Z5JQndG2UcUTcViHsZhofU1Dhcp5gRqYwZpSC5rbmJJPCQIoPn-NL3AFaI8ivyrVdYvQQcPgzXjdmjHhxSn1hUiSrbDnPR5tOotR9UaIVCtQmpxe73pNh9/s1600/monosyllables.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1600" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4oq0AETPTT0GX8qfBBQbwM5Z5JQndG2UcUTcViHsZhofU1Dhcp5gRqYwZpSC5rbmJJPCQIoPn-NL3AFaI8ivyrVdYvQQcPgzXjdmjHhxSn1hUiSrbDnPR5tOotR9UaIVCtQmpxe73pNh9/s400/monosyllables.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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<i>(On the board I wrote 'connected by two out of three letters' but was initially thinking of three letter words; I should have written, 'changing only one letter at a time'). </i></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-27051823819230649012018-08-30T12:25:00.000+00:002019-10-06T08:24:25.549+00:00The Last Two Volumes of the Ammianus Commentary<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px;">The following review, recently pre-published online, will appear in the 2018 volume of <i><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies" target="_blank">Journal of Roman Studies</a> </i>(for earlier thoughts arising, see <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2018/03/an-intrusive-gloss-in-ammianus-obituary.html">here</a>). [Addendum: the final pagination is <i>JRS </i>108, 300-302].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps;">J. den Boeft, J. W. Drijvers, D. den Hengst</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">, and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">H. C. Teitler</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Philological and Historical Commentary on
Ammianus Marcellinus XXX. </span></i>Leiden: Brill, 2015. Pp. xix + 257, maps.
ISBN 9789004299955 (bound), 9789004300927 (e-book). €112. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps;">J. den Boeft, J. W. Drijvers, D. den Hengst</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">, and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">H. C. Teitler</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Philological and Historical Commentary on
Ammianus Marcellinus XXXI. </span></i>Leiden: Brill, 2018. Pp. xix + 357, maps.
ISBN 9789004353817 (bound), 9789004353824 (e-book). €169.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Near the
start of his 30th</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> book Ammianus Marcellinus flashes forward to the
disasters of the Gothic war under Valens and wonders if his narrative will ever
get that far (</span><i style="font-size: 11pt;">si ad ea quoque uenerimus</i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><i style="font-size: 11pt;"> </i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">30.2.8). It is a rhetorical device, of
course, one of many indications of the arduous nature of the historian’s task.
The authors of the Dutch commentary on Ammianus must also have wondered if they
would get to the end of this mighty enterprise. Its history reaches back more
than 80 years. Pieter de Jonge produced the volumes on the first six surviving
books, 14-19, amid his duties as a headmaster between 1935 and 1982 (English
replacing German from 1948 onwards). While De Jonge’s dedication, ambition, and
feel for his author merit admiration, these volumes are uneven, especially on
historical topics, and will need replacing in due course.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">This cannot
be said of the work of his successors, known informally as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quadriga Batavorum</i>, who have now
completed the remaining 12 volumes on Books 20 to 31. Three of them, the
Latinists Jan den Boeft and Daniël den Hengst and the Roman historian Hans
Teitler, have been working on the project since the 1980s; a second historian,
Jan Willem Drijvers, joined for Book 22 in 1995. Since the completion of the
second hexad (20-25) in 2005, the team has accelerated, publishing the
remaining six books at the rate of approximately one every two years. The
insight, comprehensiveness, and reliability of the commentaries have only
increased over the years, and the last two volumes here reviewed are well up to
the exacting and exalted standards of its predecessors (see my reviews of Books
25 to 29 in <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2009/11/dutch-commentary-on-ammianus.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">JRS</i> 99 (2009), 294-6</a>; <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-dutch-ammianus-commentary-books-27.html">103(2013), 351-3</a>; and <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-dutch-commentary-on-ammianus.html">105 (2015), 475-8)</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ammianus’
last two books have contrasting structures. Book 30 is dominated by the death
on 17 November 375 of the emperor Valentinian, and a lengthy tripartite
obituary (chapters 6-9), but before that, as in the previous books on Valentinian
and his brother Valens, the narrative switches between eastern and western
events in geographically distinct blocs often covering several years: in chs 1
and 2.1-8, Roman foreign relations with Armenia and Persia from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">c.</i> 374 to 377/8; in chs 2.9-12, 3, and
5, western events of 374 and 375; in ch. 4 an entertaining, overwritten, and
highly allusive digression on the venality and incompetence of eastern lawyers,
hanging on the emperor Valens’ withdrawal from hearing court cases. The book closes
with an account of the elevation of the four-year-old Valentinian II by junta
of high officials five days after his homonymous father’s death (ch. 10). Book
31, by contrast, is all but monographic (but the commentators reject
Kulikowski’s proposal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">JRS </i>102
(2012), 79-102) that it was originally a separate monograph written much
earlier): the book focuses almost exclusively on how the Gothic migrations in
response to the pressure of the Huns turned from a peaceful crossing of potential
allies in 376 into a Roman-Gothic war, climaxing on 9 August 378 in the Battle
of Adrianople and Valens’ death. Certain important events of the period –
Saracen and Isaurian revolts – are left out altogether, and the only western episode,
the successful campaign of the emperor Gratian against the Lentienses (ch. 10),
is only included to explain why Gratian was delayed in bringing reinforcements
to the east and why his uncle Valens’ jealousy led him to engage without awaiting
them. The ‘Chronology’ in the front matter of each volume and the excellent chronological
guidance <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">passim </i>is very welcome, and
in Book 31 the commentators also point out Ammianus’ historical omissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Historical
contextualisation is uniformly thorough. In the initial episode of Book 30,
where various generals of Valens attempt unsuccessfully to detain, and then
successfully to assassinate, his ally king Papa of Armenia, the commentators
use Armenian sources to point out the religious subtext ignored or suppressed
by Ammianus: they are perhaps slightly more willing than in previous books to
see oblique jibes at Christian piety (see on 30.1.2). Equally good is the
clarification of Valentinian’s movements in his last campaign on the Danube in
375, and they rightly point out the clear signs of a whitewash in the narrative
of Valentinian II’s promotion (and suggest, correctly in my view, that Ammianus
was therefore writing before Valentinian II’s death in May 392). If I may be
permitted a personal quibble, however, their argument that this promotion took
place in Brigetio (Szöny), where the young emperor’s father had died, is false.
Neither Ammianus nor any other ancient source explicitly states this, though Hadrien
de Valois evidently inferred it from Ammianus’ text, as indicated by his
chapter heading for 30.10. But the chronicle known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Descriptio consulum </i>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Consularia
Constantinopolitana</i>, which is exceptionally reliable for the 370s and 380s,
places the event in Aquincum (i.e. the right bank of modern Budapest), and this
is surely correct. It is irrelevant (p. 204) that Socrates’ church history,
based on a version of this same chronicle, garbles its source and puts Aquincum
in Italy. Also irrelevant is the fact that Valentinian I had not thought
Aquincum suitable winter-quarters for himself, since emperors on the northern
frontier would not necessarily winter in the same place as most of their troops,
who were scattered over the whole region: e.g. 17.10.10 (Julian in Paris;
compare also the situation at the time of his acclamation in 360), 27.10.16 (Valentinian
and Gratian in Trier). Indeed the point is implied by the difficulty in finding
a doctor to tend the dying emperor, as they were tending to an epidemic among
the soldiers and scattered <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per varia, </i>30.6.4).
Aquincum was the provincial capital of Valeria with a massive military camp and
a second amphitheatre, the largest north of the Alps, for the army: it was the
obvious place for an acclamation that would be approved by as many troops as
possible. In Book 31, a particularly significant contribution is the late
dating of Gratian’s campaign against the Lentienses in 378, in summer rather
than spring, ensuring that he really was very late indeed. The massacres of
Gothic teenagers in the eastern provinces after Adrianople (31.16.8) are dated
to late 378, against Zuckermann’s proposal of early 379. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">While Book
30 has been transmitted in a slightly better condition than 28 and 29 (some
passages of which are marred by repeated lacunae), Book 31 has particular
problems of its own. The better of the two ninth-century manuscripts of
Ammianus was the Hersfeldensis, which was haphazardly used for Gelenius’ 1533
edition before being dismantled in the late sixteenth century, to the extent
that only a few recycled pages survive, a bifolium from book 30 among them. But
by Gelenius’ time, the Hersfeldensis went no further than the penultimate
chapter of book 30, where Gelenius accordingly stopped. For Book 31 the Vaticanus
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Vat. Lat. 1873) is therefore the sole authoritative source for the
text. An additional problem arises between 31.8.5 and 31.10.18, where at some
point after the first copies were taken the Vaticanus lost two pages (the
central bifolium of a gathering, not a single page, as on p. 146 and in most
Ammianus scholarship). The apparatus of Seyfarth’s Teubner, from which the
lemmata are taken, is inadequate here, as was sharply pointed out in the review
by Rita Cappelletto (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RFIC </i>109 (1981),
80-85), and unfortunately the commentators do not really make up for this
inadequacy. For these pages Seyfarth printed the readings of only one of the
three renaissance manuscripts that are direct copies of the Vaticanus, namely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b> (Vat. Lat. 2969), as well as those of
Accursius’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">editio princeps</i>, which used
both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b>. Since <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b> was copied by
an intelligent humanist who was prone to emendation, its readings cannot be
trusted as representing the transmitted text. At a couple of points, the
commentators follow Seyfarth in not giving relevant information. So at 31.8.5 a
reader without access to Clark or Sabbah’s edition would infer that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b>’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acutius
observantes</i> was the transmitted text, whereas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">N</b> both have, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b> presumably had, the nonsense word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adiutius</i> (the commentators support
Petschenig’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cautius</i>; given the reconstructed
reading of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diutius </i>should be considered). Likewise at 31.10.7, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mallobaudes alta pugnandi cupiditate
raptatus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alta</i> (where <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b> and Accursius have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">autem</i>) is not a conjecture of Valesius
but the reading of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">N</b>, and presumably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">My own
impression is that the text of Book 31 is in a slightly worse condition than
that of 30 because of the absence of Gelenius, though it is noteworthy that the
commentators propose changes from Seyfarth’s text, the lemma text, with almost
exactly the same regularity in the two books (about 30 in book 30, and about 50
in book 31, which is just over one and a half times as long). Given Seyfarth’s
conservatism, changes proposed to the text tend to be emendations, but there
are a few vindications of the text transmitted by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b>: The restoration of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quam </i>at
30.8.6 with the sense <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">potius quam</i> is
clearly right; so is the removal of Valesius’ –<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">que</i> at 31.16.7; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">etiámtum impraepedítus</i>
in the description of king Papa’s murder (30.1.20) is probably also correct,
although the argument from prose rhythm against Gelenius’ reading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">praepeditum</i> is false, since Ammianus
also accents <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">etiam túm </i>in clausulae (e.g.
30.3.9). (I would also restore V’s readings at 30.1.10 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">iactique </i>(for prose rhythm) and 31.16.9 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aetate</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">doctrinis</i>). Of
the places where they advocate conjectures to improve on Seyfarth’s text, about
a dozen are their own. The palm goes to 30.9.3, where sense is brilliantly rescued
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ut solent occupationis spe uel
impuniae quaedam sceleste committi</i> with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">occultationis
</i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">impunitatis </i>([at the start of
reigns] ‘when some criminality tends to be committed in the hope that it will
be unnoticed or unpunished’: cf. 27.7.2). If other conjectures that they
propose are incremental improvements, they are mostly either definitely or
probably right: e.g. 30.10.1 <<i>ex</i>> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><ex>cohortibus</ex></i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>31.6.2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uiaticum [cibos] et bidui dilationem </i>(where
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>actually has the lemma form <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cibus</i>,
surely even likelier to be a gloss], 31.14.2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in palati</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">><n style="font-style: italic;">is</n></span> (‘among courtiers’).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>If I have a reservation in the area of textual criticism it would
be that although they take Ammianus’ immensely regular prose rhythm seriously,
both as part of his style and as a tool for establishing his text, they could
be bolder in accepting the consequences. For example at 31.3.1 they propose an
entirely cogent solution to an irregular clausula (a transposition of the first
two words of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanaitas consuetudo
nominauit</i>), before stepping back from it in favour of accepting ‘incidental
irregularities’. For all that, there is no doubt that they have contributed
more to understanding the text and language of Ammianus than anybody since
Charles Clark and his collaborators over a century ago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">This review
has focused on matters of historical detail and textual criticism; much more
could have been said about points of language, geography, intertextuality, and
indeed the general mood of Ammianus (which they stand closer to Matthews’
optimism than Barnes’s pessimism) and his attitude to the history of his own
times. Produced without fanfare or the support of large grants, and occupying
the three original contributors long into retirement, this commentary is a model
of learning and insight, and of selfless, collaborative scholarship, which will
help Ammianus’ readers for centuries to come.</span></div>
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-83174861096275542442018-03-14T12:18:00.000+00:002020-02-23T10:38:10.312+00:00An intrusive gloss in Ammianus’ obituary of Valens<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">I have been reading the final volume of the magnificent commentary
on Ammianus Marcellinus by Den Boeft, Den Hengst, Drijvers and Teitler (to
be <a href="http://www.compitum.fr/component/eventlist/details/5073-ammianus-symposium">duly celebrated in Leiden</a> next month). They do full justice to the
magnificent climax of Ammianus’ work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">Valens’ obituary opens with his age and length of reign (31.14.1;
I indicate clausulae with a hasta):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Perit autem hoc exitu Valens/ quinquagesimo anno contiguus,/ cum
per annos quattuor imperasset et decem/ parvo minus. Cuius bona multis cognita
dicemus et vitia./</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">And with such a death perished Valens, close to his fiftieth year,
when he had held supreme command for fourteen years, a little less. We shall
tell of his good qualities and his faults, which are widely known.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">As the commentators note, the phrase <i>parvo minus</i>,<i> </i>‘although
easily understood, is without parallel.’ As they also note subsequently, it is
incorrect. When he died on 9 August 378 Valens had been emperor for fourteen
years and four months, having been appointed on 30 March 364. Thirdly, we can
add that it is also fails to produce one of the regular clausulae that can be
found with nearly 100% regularity in Ammianus’ text – even though had indulged
in a hyperbaton to produce one immediately beforehand, <i>cum per annos
quattuor imperasset et decem</i>, ‘when he had reigned for four years and ten’.
(And if anybody suggests that <i>pár-u-o minus </i>might work, there
is no good reason to think that <i>v</i> / consonantal <i>u</i> was
ever vocalised in Ammianus’ usage, except after <i>q-</i> or in words
like <i>suadeo</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">All of this would suggest that the two words do not belong, and a
reason for them to have made their way into the text is not hard to find: they
are a gloss explaining the word <i>contiguus</i>, ‘close to, touching on’,
in the line above, which is only very rarely used temporally. The gloss may
have been either marginal or interlinear in an ancestor of the Vatican
manuscript, our only authoritative source for this book, but the distance is
almost exactly one line, which averaged 42 characters in the immediate
exemplar of the Vaticanus. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #444444;">++<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: #444444;">Addendum: It would perhaps only be fair to add the case in favour
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Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-71778326369587021272018-02-18T22:23:00.002+00:002018-02-18T22:23:40.745+00:00Erasing VictorA bad time for blogging since I became Head of Classics at Edinburgh on 1 August 2016 -- and I hope not the last post before I am due to demit office on 31 July 2019, though I am already past the halfway mark! But I have just posted at the <a href="http://research.shca.ed.ac.uk/sidonius/2018/02/18/erasing-victor-sidonius-manuscripts-and-prosopography/">Sidonius blog</a> on a fascinating textual problem in the <i>Panegyric of Anthemius</i>. Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-88290868018509911052016-07-03T11:21:00.000+00:002016-07-03T12:58:05.845+00:00Vichy and the VisigothsNot a new blog here, but a link to a blogspot elsewhere.<br />
<br />
A pleasant surprise in the <i><a href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/classics/research/sidonius">Sidonius Apollinaris for the twenty-first century</a></i> project has been the exploration of Sidonius' reception in early modern and modern Europe. Little is known in this area, though <i>honoris causa </i>I must mention Jesús Hernández Lobato (Salamanca) and Filomena Giannotti (Siena), both of whom are contributing on the topic (renaissance and twentieth-century respectively) to the forthcoming <i>Prolegomena to Sidonius Apollinaris</i>, as is the founder of the project, <a href="http://www.sidoniusapollinaris.nl/">Joop van Waarden</a>. The project has now started a blog on '<a href="http://research.shca.ed.ac.uk/sidonius/">Sidonius in Antiquity and Modernity</a>', featuring so far <a href="http://research.shca.ed.ac.uk/sidonius/2016/06/10/sidonius-in-clubland/">a fine study of John Buchan</a> by Paul Barnaby, the Network Facilitator, and a short essay by me on <a href="http://research.shca.ed.ac.uk/sidonius/2016/06/29/73/">a few pages of scholarship by André Loyen</a> (Paul came up with the title). Submissions for the blog most welcome! Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-59982310797406054142015-05-07T19:51:00.001+00:002015-05-07T20:11:02.325+00:00The Dutch Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus 29A review forthcoming in the <i>Journal of Roman Studies </i>105 (2015), now pre-published online (the punctuation on this blog is the preferred version).<br />
<br />
J. DEN BOEFT, J. W. DRIJVERS, D. DEN HENGST and H. C. TEITLER, PHILOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS XXIX. Leiden: Brill,
2013. Pp. xxi + 298, maps. ISBN 9789004261532 (bound); 9789004267879 (e-book). €125.00.<br />
<br />
Book 29 of the Dutch commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus has appeared at the now regular
interval of two years after its predecessor. Three of the four authors have been on the team since
Book 20 in 1987 (Drijvers joined for Book 22) and they look set to reach the 31st and last book
in 2017. The applause merited by previous volumes (see my reviews of 25 and 26 in <i>JRS</i> 99
(2009), 294–6, and of 27 and 28 in <i>JRS</i> 103 (2013), 351–3) is equally due here. Reviews of
commentaries will tend to pick up on points of detailed disagreement, but any quibbles below
should be read bearing in mind the consistent thoroughness, good judgement, and originality of
the authors across linguistic, literary, and historical scholarship.<br />
<br />
In Book 29, as in 27, 28 and 30, sections tend to cover particular regions for periods of several
years; as in earlier volumes, the authors follow the introduction with a useful chronological
discussion, though the problems are less vexed in this book. Book 29 begins with treason trials
under the emperor Valens in Antioch and elsewhere in the eastern provinces (chs 1–2); these
should perhaps be seen as starting in A.D. 372 rather than in winter 371/2. The account forms a
pair with the Roman magic and adultery trials at the start of the previous book (various
significant intratexts are pointed out). The commentators also demonstrate the interesting
likelihood that Ammianus used a handbook of magical practices for the famous scene where the
conspirators divine the first letters of the next emperor’s name, ΘΕΟΔ-. Meanwhile, in the West,
under the baleful influence of the prefect Maximinus, the emperor Valentinian also permits
cruel injustices (3), but remains an exemplary Commander-in-Chief (4). The long fifth chapter
describes the Mauretanian campaigns of Count Theodosius, Valentinian’s best general, against the
rebel Firmus, between 373 and 375. Sallust’s <i>Jugurtha </i>is an obvious influence. The fact that
Theodosius’ homonymous son later became emperor (fulfilling the conspirators’ prophecy) has led
to the confusing juxtaposition in Ammianus’ narrative of panegyrical celebration with frank
description of the hero’s old-fashioned discipline. In a previous article (in the commentators’
edited book <i>Ammianus after Julian</i> (2007)), Drijvers had sympathized with the view of Robin
Seager, who argued beguilingly in <i>Histos</i> 1999 that Ammianus subtly and deliberately undermines
Count Theodosius; however, the detailed examination of relevant passages here leads, regrettably
but rightly, to a rejection of this argument. The sixth and last chapter tells how the treacherous
murder of King Gabinius of the Quadi led to barbarian attacks across the Danube and how the
younger Theodosius as <i>dux Moesiae</i> successfully resisted, before closing with the peaceful urban
prefecture of Claudius (attested in 374), including a brilliantly impressionistic description of Rome
transformed by the Tiber’s floods into an archipelago: the commentators let their appreciation of
the writing shine through at such moments. But in commenting on the fact that, after describing every prefecture of Rome between 353 and 372, Ammianus omits at least two (xii, xviii, 246, cf.
ix), they should at least have mentioned the theory of Otto Seeck (<i>Hermes</i> 18 (1883), 291),
recently revived by Timothy Barnes (1998, App. 8), that an account of these prefectures has been
lost in the lacuna of 29.5.1.<br />
<br />
For the text of Book 29 is not good. The principal ms, Vat. Lat. 1473 (V ), is beset by a series of
lacunae marked as around three lines long, between 29.3.4 and 29.5.1 and again between 29.5.22
and 36 (probably not coincidentally, these fall within a quaternion misplaced after 29.1.17 earlier
in the transmission). For the most part Den Boeft <i>et al</i>. ably reconstruct the contents of lacunae,
and are also in commanding form on textual problems elsewhere: they suggest or consider over
forty changes from the text of Seyfarth’s conservative Teubner. With a few exceptions where the
text of <i>V</i> is restored (rightly with <i>aliqua</i> at 29.2.13 and <i>procincti</i> at 29.4.5, dubiously with
<i>consonans</i> against Gelenius’ <i>consonos</i> at 29.1.31), these are conjectural emendations, including
about half a dozen of their own. The best is at 29.2.17, where they modestly credit comparison to Suetonius, <i>Tib</i>. 61.5 for <i>poenarum maturitate</i> (‘an early end to their tortures’); at 29.2.19 they use
comparison to Ammianus’ source Gellius in repairing the exemplary tale of Dolabella and the
woman of Smyrna. There are a few places where problems in the text have not been spotted. At
29.2.6–8, they regrettably stick to an extraordinarily forced interpretation of the text, admi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ttedly
found in all translations that I know of, that makes the conspirator Heliodorus a court
chamberlain — who then has secret discussions with the court! The passage is correctly
interpreted by Josef <span style="line-height: 115%;">Č</span>eška in <i>SPFB </i>39 (1994), 139–45. At the start of ch. 6, the transmitted text
tells us that the </span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Quadorum</span> natio mota est inexcita repentino</i>: they point out reasonably that
<i>inexcita</i>, unaroused, needs to be qualified by something like <i>diu</i> (transposable, following Heraeus,
from a few lines below); but the problem with <i>repentino</i> is not whether it can be an adverb,
which it can, but its position. The simplest solution is the conjecture of ms <i>E</i>: <i>motu est excita
repentino</i>. As I have commented in previous reviews, Den Boeft <i>et al</i>. often adduce Ammianus’
exceptionally regular accentual clausulation as a factor in textual decisions, but sometimes do not
mention it when it supports a case made on other grounds: 29.2.24 <i>nóta <b>ac </b></i><ac><i>pervulgáta</i>
(Gelenius), 29.1.32 <i>lítterae pósterae</i> (Heraeus, for <i>postrémae</i>); they sometimes regard linguistic
rarities as defensible even though against the cursus. In 29.4.5 there is no intrinsic problem with
the participial form <i>animati</i> replacing a main verb, or with <i>suspecti</i> (<i>E</i>’s emendation of <i>V</i>’s
<i>suspencti</i>) having an active meaning (though nowhere else in Ammianus), but prose rhythm
requires <i>animati <b>sunt</b></i><sunt> and <i>suspicati</i>. </sunt></ac><br />
<ac><sunt><br /></sunt></ac>
<ac><sunt>For all these minor disagreements, this is a model work of collaborative and interdisciplinary
scholarship. Fans of Ammianus look forward eagerly to the <i>quadriga Batavorum</i> on 30 and 31.</sunt></ac>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-62649972525189704682015-04-30T07:45:00.000+00:002015-04-30T07:45:59.259+00:00Review of Bocci on Ammianus' Later BooksTo appear in <i>Classical Review </i>65.2 (2015), now<i> </i>pre-published online (copyright, the Classical Assoication)<br />
<br />
BOCCI (S.) Ammiano Marcellino XXVIII e XXIX. Problemi storici e
storiografici. (Il Potere e il Consenso 3.) Pp. 271. Rome: Aracne, 2013.
Paper, €16. ISBN: 978-88-548-5349-2.
doi:10.1017/S0009840X1500013X<br />
<br />
This book is the publication of B.’s second Ph.D. thesis (Università Roma Tre, 2012),
some 25 years after his first. The title is misleading. Having started with the intention
of writing a <i>commento storico</i> on Ammianus Marcellinus’ 28th and 29th books (p. 10),
B. decided instead to write on themes arising from Ammianus’ final six books, 26 to
31, which cover the reigns of Valentinian and Valens. An extensive introduction and substantial
conclusion frame chapters on (1) Ammianus’ satirical digression on the senate and
people of Rome, 28.4, along with the similar digression at 14.6; (2) the frontier policy of
the western emperor Valentinian (364–75); (3) the characterisation of Valentinian. It is
hard to agree with B.’s claim in the title and elsewhere that a particular focus remains
on the two books that first caught his interest: fewer than half of the twelve chapters in
those two books receive any detailed attention and there is plenty of worthwhile discussion
of elements from Books 26, 27, 30 and 31. The book’s main contribution is on Ammianus’
portrait of Valentinian and his government of the west.<br />
<br />
Presumably one of the deterrents to a focus specifically on Books 28 and 29 was the
fact that the Dutch commentary team of Den Boeft, Drijvers, Den Hengst and Teitler
has been efficiently working through Ammianus’ latter books, reaching Book 28 in
2011 and Book 29 in 2013, and perhaps B.’s work was originally intended for earlier completion
and publication. There is certainly a lack of reference to more recent works suggestive
of a book whose publication has somehow been unfortunately delayed. One or two
works from 2007, including Den Boeft et al.’s edited volume <i>Ammianus after Julian</i>
(2007), are cited plentifully; but the only later item in B.’s bibliography, sporadically
cited in the text, is their 2011 commentary on Book 28. Among books important for the
theme that are entirely absent from the bibliography or notes are D. Brodka’s <i>Ammianus
Marcellinus: Studien zum Geschichtsdenken im vierten Jahrhundert n. Chr.</i> (2009),
J. Drinkwater’s <i>The Alamanni and Rome </i>(2007), my own <i>Ammianus Marcellinus: the
Allusive Historian</i> (2008) and R. Lizzi Testa’s <i>Senatori, popolo, papi</i> (2004). The absence
of the most important Italian book on the reign of Valentinian, and plentiful reference to
English, French and German scholarship, make clear that the problem is not with works
being in foreign languages. Still, in a book that tends to start arguing not so much from
the text as from judicious and sometimes overly courteous consideration of the opinions
of earlier scholars, these are striking gaps. There are also plenty of less striking gaps
throughout the work; in general B. is better with works on Ammianus than those on
other authors or on the history of the period. The worst effects of his bibliographical shortcomings
are to be seen in the introduction. It treats various long-standing assumptions
about Ammianus’ life as undoubted fact (see now Chapter 3 of my Ammianus); the
idea, originating with Seeck in 1894, that the last six books are an addition to the original
publication, is left all but unchallenged. But there is plentiful scholarship that undermines
this claim, including both the uncited Lizzi Testa and various items that are cited, and B.’s
own plausible belief that Ammianus was inspired to write by Valens’ defeat at Adrianople
should itself be seen as an argument in favour of unitary publication in c. 390.<br />
<br />
The chapters proper merit greater attention. In Chapter 1, ‘Ammiano e Roma’, the
digression at 28.4 on the senate and people of Rome is rightly considered alongside its twin at 14.6: these are treated as essentially serious pieces of moral analysis, for all their
satirical tone. The conclusion, that Ammianus’ audience should be sought in the administrative
classes outside Rome, has been well argued already by D. Rohrbacher in
Marincola’s <i>Blackwell Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography</i> (2007, not
cited). Chapter 2, ‘La securitas dell’ impero: la frontiera settentrionale’, argues against
Drinkwater’s view (as expressed in articles of the 1990s, rather than in his uncited 2007
book) that the Alamanni were not a serious foe, and for the importance and efficacy of
Valentinian’s frontier policy, which is placed in its historical context. Chapter 3,
‘Ammiano e Valentinano’, turns to Ammianus’ portrayal of Valentinian in the round,
which embraces both damning accounts of his cruelty and admiring accounts of his military
prowess, and takes on those such as Paschoud who have overplayed its negativity and
denied the possibility that Valentinian might be seen as in some ways exemplary. To the
suggestion that Ammianus’ starkly mixed judgement might reflect now lost sources,
B. admits the possibility of influence but argues for the essential autonomy of
Ammianus’ judgement. He reflects thoughtfully on how Ammianus might relate to senatorial
retrospection on Valentinian at the time of writing (in his interesting discussing of
engagement with Symmachus, he could also have cited Den Boeft et al. on 26.2.2 and
6, where there is unquestionably allusion to the Orationes). The conclusion, ‘Ammiano
e l’impero al fine del IV secolo’, reiterates the argument that Valentinian could rightly
be treated as an exemplary military emperor in the world after Adrianople (Brodka’s
book, mentioned above, would have helped the argument here). The chapter on
Valentinian and the thoughtful conclusion are likely to be the parts of B.’s work most
valued by scholars.Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-88703376201366747522015-03-12T22:30:00.000+00:002016-03-18T22:19:17.277+00:00Ammianus Marcellinus and funny names<div class="MsoNormal">
I want to make an observation on a Latin usage, as found in
Ammianus Marcellinus. I have not seen it commented on with regard either to
Ammianus or to other authors (surely somebody must have done so, though?). The
usage is a particular variation on the use of <i>nomine </i>(i.e. ‘by name’) alongside
a personal name when that person is introduced for the first time: a very
familiar construction, for example <i>A Bear called Paddington: Ursus nomine
Paddington. </i>This is definition 3 in the <i>Oxford Latin Dictionary</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ammianus has dozens of occurrences of the ablative <i>nomine</i>
both with place names and with personal names. As in English, it can occur at
any point where a name is introduced for the first time. However, one might
expect it to be more usual with unfamiliar names (so not ‘the city called
Alexandria’), and for toponyms, so indeed it is: the usage clusters in the
digression on Persia and the east, for example, is used for Syriac names within
the Roman east (Meiacarire, Abarne), or for the barbarous names of unfamiliar
rivers of northern Europe like the Main and the Neckar. Likewise, the 25 or so
contemporaries who are introduced this way (out of 480 odd whom Ammianus names)
often have odd foreign names. They include Persians (Nohodares), men of
Germanic origin (Sandan, Bainobaudes, Rando, Viderichus), and North Africans (Stachao,
Igmazen), and the perhaps slightly unusual slave name Apadaulus. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, there are a few individuals who are introduced this
way more than once, which may seem unexpected: Maurus (the soldier who crowned
the emperor Julian with a torque in place of a diadem in Paris in early 360 at
20.4.18 and 31.10.21); Romanus (the corrupt count of Africa, at 27.9.1 and
29.5.2); and – no fewer than four times! – the Sarmatian general Victor
(24.4.13, 24.6.13, 31.12.6, 31.13.9). What do these have in common? The answer
is clearly that their names are also familiar adjectives or substantives meaning
‘(the) Roman’, ‘(the) Moor(ish)’ and ‘(the) victor(ious)’ respectively. Latin had no definite or indefinite article, and the distinction between capitals and minuscule
letters was not used to distinguish names from other words, so we seemingly
have here a usage of <i>nomine </i>to indicate that the word it follows is a
personal name. Let us look at the examples of Maurus and Romanus:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
sed cum id quoque turpe
asseueraret,/ Maurus nomine quidam,/ postea comes/ qui rem male gessit apud
Succorum angustias,/ Petulantium tunc hastatus,/ abstractum sibi torquem…
capiti Iuliani imposuit./ (20.4.18)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
successor Maurus nomine mittitur
comes/… (31.10.21) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
quam rem militaris augebat
socordia/ et aliena inuadendi cupiditas/ maximeque Romani nomine comitis.
(27.9.2)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Zammac comiti nomine Romano
acceptus (29.5.2)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
‘But when Julian asserted that
that too would be base [to wear his wife’s jewels as a diadem], a man called
Maurus [<i>not ‘a certain Moor’</i>] (later the Count who fought badly at the
pass of Succi, then standard bearer of the Petulantes) took off his torque… and
put it on Julian’s head.’<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
‘Count Maurus [<i>not ‘a Moorish
general’</i>] was sent to succeed him’<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
‘This was increased by the
soldiers’ idleness and passion for taking over other people’s property, and
particularly that of Count Romanus’ [<i>not, ‘the Roman general</i>]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
‘Zammac, who was close to Count
Romanus’ [<i>not, ‘the Roman general</i>]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the case of Victor, the ambiguity would potentially not
be so great, but <i>nomine </i>is used when he is called <i>dux </i>(24.4.13
and 24.6.13) or <i>magister equitum </i>(31.12.9) or <i>comes </i>(31.13.9).
The two nouns <i>victor </i>and <i>dux </i>in apposition would not necessarily
be normal Latin for ‘victorious general’ (Ammianus does not use <i>uictor
</i>adjectivally), but they might lead readers to a momentary double take (perhaps
there was also potential confusion with the regiment called the <i>Victores</i>?).
There are of course plenty of cases where Romanus and Victor are mentioned
without this use of <i>nomine </i>– when they are part of a list of names, when
they have already been mentioned, or simply when the narrative can make it
absolutely clear that we are dealing a personal name. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once we have identified this usage it can also make sense of
a bundle of further examples. At 16.6.1, <i>comes Verissimus nomine </i>is count
Verissimus, not a very truthful general; at 18.3.2 the general Barbatio had a
wife called Assyria, not an Assyrian wife, just as at 28.1.8 the former vicarius
Chilo had a wife called Maxima, not an enormous wife. Julian greeted with a
kiss Celsus the governor of Cilicia, not the tall governor of Cilicia
(22.9.13). Count Theodosius summoned a man called Civilis to be <i>vicarius</i>
of Britain, not a polite man or a civilian (27.8.10, a case where the danger is
not so much of ambiguity but of temporary confusion). The name Iovianus would
not offer any ambiguity – there is no use of <i>nomine </i>for the emperor of
that name, for example – but when it is the name of a soldier (23.5.12), there
was potential confusion because there was a regiment called the <i>Ioviani</i>
(after whom, one presumes, the emperor Jovian had probably been named: his
father was their former commander). The name of the German king Hortarius only
requires <i>nomine</i>, one suspects, because it appears in the genitive where
there is potential confusion with the verb form <i>hortari </i>(17.10.5).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One case may merit a bit more thought. Immediately after Julian’s acclamation in
Paris, soldiers surrounded the palace because of a rumoured attempt on his
life: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
strepituque immani excubitores perculsi/ et tribuni et domesticorum
comes Excubitor nomine/ ueritique uersabilis perfidiam militis/ euanuere metu
mortis subitae dispalati<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
The guards were alarmed by the terrible noise, along with the tribunes
and the Count of the <i>Domestici</i> called Excubitor, and fearing treachery
from the flighty soldiers, they vanished, scattered by their fear of imminent
death. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a short article (‘Zu Ammian 20, 4, 21: <i>Excubitor
nomine</i>’, <i>Chiron </i>5 (1975), 493-4), Joachim Szidat suggested that the <i>comes
domesticorum</i> Excubitor, an otherwise unattested person and otherwise
unattested name, may not have been called Excubitor at all. Rather, the use of <i>nomine
</i>here is a different one, he suggests: ‘nominally (but not in fact)’ (<i>Oxford
Latin Dictionary</i>, type 16b). He was nominally an <i>excubitor</i>, that is
an imperial guardsman, but in fact he ran off. This is certainly
attractive. It helps also to deal with the fact that there are no examples of
persons with that name. Unfortunately, however, there are two objections, and
two possible alternatives. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, this use of <i>nomine </i>is not found elsewhere in
Ammianus. Secondly, we have just seen that it is a frequent habit of Ammianus
to use <i>nomine </i>to distinguish names from nouns when there might be
ambiguity, and this is just such a case. One might of course wonder whether <i>both</i>
senses could be present – that the general really was called Excubitor but that
Ammianus wanted to hint that really, he was no <i>excubitor</i>. Indeed I have
sometimes wondered whether <i>Romanus nomine comes </i>carries an undertone of
‘this supposedly <i>Roman</i> general’. Plays on names are not absent from the
work of Ammianus. However, one would have to suspect that the simplest
explanation is the best: that this is a use of <i>nomine </i>to make it clear
that an ambiguous word is a personal name. Szidat is probably wrong. There is
another, perhaps slim, possibility: this is the only sentence in the <i>Res gestae </i>where personal name or noun <i>excubitor</i> appears, and it appears twice. Could it be
that the unparalleled appearance of it as a personal name is a corruption
caused by a scribe rewriting the unusual
word he had written a few seconds earlier in place of a not dissimilar name? In which case, the name is lost.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some of the cases
where Ammianus places <i>nomine </i>by toponyms may also arise from this usage: a castle called Sumere (25.6.4; not the
word for ‘to take’) or the city named Dura, not a hard city (25.6.9).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Does this exist elsewhere in Latin? Ammianus is of course a
remarkably likely author in whom to see such a phenomenon, featuring as he does a great
many names, in a narrative context, and in an age where people were likely to
be designated by only one name and distinctive markers like the Latin <i>praenomen</i> had dropped out of general use.
But I looked at Tacitus, Symmachus, and Sidonius. Tacitus generally uses <i>nomine
</i>alongside exotic names, but at <i>Annals </i><span lang="NL">2.39.1 note Agrippa Postumus’ freedman, <i>nomine
Clemens</i>, Clement by name</span>. Symmachus does not usually use <i>nomine </i>with
personal names at all, but his three examples are all telling: <i><span lang="NL">Ep.</span></i><span lang="NL"> 3.36 Pirata (not the pirate); 3.49 Sabinus (not the
Sabine); 4.24 Florentinus (not the Florentine). In Sidonius only one example, in
letter 4.12: <i>lectorem... Constantem nomine</i> (Constans the reader, not the
constant reader).</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NL">Since I am in
Munich, I had better go and see what the slips of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
have to say on the matter...</span></div>
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-15837656450677728072015-01-14T13:16:00.001+00:002015-03-12T22:57:06.641+00:00Alan Cameron's Last Pagans of RomeA review in Classical Review 65.1 (2015), which has just been pre-published on line (copyright, the Classical Association) [UPDATE pages 230-233]. Readers may notice that I have taken my time... It was, for good reasons, a hard review to write.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51mK6ijoFQL.jpg" /></div>
<br />
<div>
CAMERON (ALAN) <i>The Last Pagans of Rome</i>. Pp. xii + 878, ills. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Cased, £55, US$90 (Paper, £29.99, US$45). ISBN: 978-0-19-974727-6 (978-0-19-995970-9 pbk). doi:10.1017/S0009840X14002960</div>
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<div>
C. first promised a book called <i>The Last Pagans of Rome</i> in 1981, and references to its progress recurred intermittently in his scholarly works over the following three decades – a period in which he was far from idle. In fact, in the acknowledgments of this vast, brilliant, unusual book, C. places its origins still further back, referring to articles of 1977 (<i>Entretiens Hardt</i> 23, 1–30) and 1966 (<i>JRS</i> 56, 25–38, on Macrobius); he could equally have mentioned his 1964 article on Ammianus and the alleged circle of Symmachus (<i>JRS</i> 54, 15–28). This long gestation has given scholars foreknowledge of C.’s overall approach and of many individual ideas and insights, and a few earlier articles are adapted into the book. C.’s penchant for creative destruction is well known, and occasionally the ‘standard views’ polemicised against have already so wilted under his attack and that of others that readers may think them made of straw; very occasionally, works cited as ‘recent’ are anything but. But the great majority of the material is published for the first time, and the work manages to be impressively coherent and up to date despite its formidable length and despite containing discrete studies that could have made separate books.</div>
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<div>
The pagans of the title are western, mostly Italian, senatorial aristocrats of the late fourth and early fifth centuries: they are viewed through their authorship of and appearances in numerous literary works of that period, as well as through material evidence. The title appears to reference Herbert Bloch, who in 1963 published the most explicit and extreme statement of the argument that the usurpation of Eugenius in 392–394 was supported by aristocrats – whom Bloch dubbed ‘the last pagans’ – as an act of resistance to Christianisation. Taking a title from his opponents is emblematic of the essentially polemical orientation of C.’s work. Disproving the alleged ‘pagan revival’ is the springboard for a wider argument, that in political practices and literary productions wherein previous scholars have seen organised pagan opposition to the encroachment of Christianity in social and political life, there is in fact nothing to be seen.Writers or individuals who are thought to embody pagan resistance do nothing of the sort; those who were pagans (Symmachus and Nicomachus Flavianus, for example) were not fanatics, and many of them were actually Christians (Macrobius, above all); literary revivals of ‘pagan’ literature and scholarship on it had nothing to do with paganism and were as likely to be the work of cultured Christians. The argument is replayed repeatedly for an exceptional range of sources and approaches. In the course of the book, C. provides something not unlike a general literary and cultural history of the Roman west between c. 350 and 430 – with the crucial difference that rather than summarising knowledge, he offers fresh insights on almost every topic.</div>
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One way in which the title may remind readers of the book’s prolonged genesis is that, since C. started writing, the very terms ‘pagan’ and ‘paganism’ have come under attack, both for representing a hostile characterisation and for implying non-existent homogeneity of belief and aims. C. repeatedly demonstrates the second point, but the first chapter argues on the basis of an exhaustive lexical study that paganus came in the mid-fourth century to be applied to non-Christians (and non-Jews) not in the contemptuous sense of ‘bumpkin’, but as a relatively neutral term: previously used for rural as opposed to urban and civilian as opposed to military, it ‘takes its precise color from an antonym’ (p. 22). His argument will be cited by anybody hereafter who prefers sensitive use of ‘pagan’ to fashionable alternatives such as ‘polytheist’. The second and third chapters cover the condition of pagan public religion under Christian emperors from Constantius II to Theodosius I (with Gratian’s withdrawal of funding from the cults in 382 seen as more significant than the surviving anti-pagan laws of Theodosius in 391–2), and the usurpation of Eugenius in 392–4, where the creation of the legend around the battle of the River Frigidus as a pagan/Christian clash is studied in close detail. Then two prosopographical chapters: Chapter 4 on the decline and disappearance of the traditional priesthoods, without which there was no formal public means for aristocrats to be pagan; Chapter 5 on pagan converts, attempting to set the parameters within which the population shifted from one set of religious beliefs to another. Arguing that too much stress has been placed on the rigorists on both sides, he conceives the population as consisting of up to five groups, including moderates on each side and undefinable individuals in the middle (incidentally, in this chapter a reference to Sandwell’s work on Antioch [p. 175] prompts C. to deploy the term ‘identity’ in the fashionable sense for the only time in over 800 pages of text – a choice which I leave to readers to deplore or applaud). C. accepts Barnes’s argument that in the fourth century Christianisation of the high aristocracy proceeded faster than generally accepted, and himself argues that its comprehensiveness has also been understated in the early fifth.</div>
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After coverage of a miscellany of pagan writers in Chapter 6, including those like Pacatus who turn out not be pagans, Macrobius (Chapter 7), subject of one of C.’s earliest groundbreaking articles, is shown to be a Christian. Writing c. 430, he is nostalgic for but far removed from the pagan past – an interpretation fully accepted by the latest editor of the Saturnalia, R. Kaster. Chapter 8, on the <i>Carmen contra paganos</i>, provides the book’s most brilliant display of philological and historical fireworks, demonstrating first that this attack on a pagan prefect cannot refer to Nicomachus Flavianus at the time of the Frigidus, next that it must instead refer to Vettius Agorius Praetextatus ten years before, and finally, on the basis of an attribution in a medieval library catalogue from Lobbes and of metrical, stylistic and intertextual comparison, that the poem was written by Pope Damasus before his own death on 11 December 384 (text and translation of the poem are included in an appendix). Chapter 9, on other anti-pagan verse invectives of the period, includes discussion of the centonist Proba, slightly misplaced alongside the <i>Carmen ad senatorem</i> (the senator is tentatively and unpersuasively identified as Domitius Modestus), the <i>Carmen </i><i>ad Antonium</i> and Prudentius’ <i>Contra Symmachum</i>. In Chapter 10, C. reconstructs the circle of Symmachus that he long ago deconstructed, using the letters to build up a picture of the alleged champion of paganism as a practical politician keen to use his letters to show himself a broad central figure, corresponding collegially with friends of whatever religion. There follows a brief and authoritative history of the fourth-century revival of early imperial Latin literature, which will be an immensely useful starting point for future studies, even if only loosely connected to the theme of the book by the demonstration that this revival has nothing to do with paganism: another chapter of which many scholars would have made a monograph. Chapters 12–14 incorporate an actual monograph, drafted in the 1980s, on the phenomenon of the late-antique subscriptions that survive in many manuscripts. These usually refer to ‘emending’ or ‘reviewing’ the text, and have often been associated with pagan aristocrats courageously saving classical civilisation. C. uses a comprehensive collection of subscriptions to show that they are far from exclusive to aristocrats or pagans or classical texts, and that they refer not to editing in any modern sense but simply the practice, vital before printing, of correcting texts, usually against their exemplars. Romantic nonsense, like the supposed ‘edition’ of Livy laboured over by the Nicomachi and Symmachi, is punctured. Chapters on knowledge of Greek and on the alleged pagan nature of Virgilian scholarship are followed by a pair of chapters on the lost <i>Annales</i> of Nicomachus Flavianus. Their inclusion reinforces the sense of C. as a scholar willing to cross the road to knock down a bad argument: since the <i>Annales</i> are attested only in two inscriptions, and nothing solid is known about them, most scholars who do not believe that they were an important and influential work of pagan historiography which influenced many other histories of the period have not confronted the arguments of those who do. A chapter on pagan art and its patrons reminds us of the remarkable breadth of C.’s skill. The last full chapter before the substantial and thoughtful conclusion treats the <i>Historia Augusta</i> (another case where C. goes out of his way, since few serious scholars believe that the <i>HA</i> has a serious anti-Christian agenda). To remark in a footnote that ‘little or nothing written since [Dessau 1889] has added anything important to the sum of knowledge’ is mischievous and, if understandable, somewhat unfair. Re-examining the unquestionable intertextual relationship between the prefaces of Jerome’s <i>Life of Hilarion</i> and <i>HA Vita Probi</i>, he makes Jerome the imitator, and backdates the <i>HA</i> into the 370s or the 380s. On the first point he is very likely right. All the circumstantial detail of the intertextuality is on his side, and the argument is certainly stronger than the alleged allusions to Ammianus or Claudian or other authors that have been used to argue a later date. But his dating of Jerome’s <i>VH</i> as early as 385/6 (p. 770) is unconvincing; the life postdates the <i>Vita Malchi</i>, which refers (2.1) to Jerome’s friend Evagrius as <i>papa</i>, bishop, putting it after 388, in turn retarding C.’s <i>terminus ante quem </i>of the <i>HA</i>.</div>
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In such a large work some arguments will prove less convincing. Paschoud has already pointed out (in his review in <i>Antiquité Tardive</i> 20 [2012], 359–93, at 362 n. 5) that a dramatic date for Macrobius’ Saturnalia in 382 immediately before Gratian’s disestablishment of pagan cults only works if that disestablishment took place in precisely the last week of the year. Better not to seek an exact dramatic date in a work written half a century later. In the third chapter of the mini-monograph on subscriptions, C. misinterprets a subscription to Livy’s first decade (<i>emendavi Nicomachus Flavianus v.c. ter praefectus urbis apud </i><i>Hennam</i>), though with little harm to the overall argument. Since <i>ter</i> means not ‘for the third time’ but ‘on three occasions’, this implies that the correction took place not during Flavian’s third prefecture – as C. argues, while acknowledging the strangeness of a prefect going as far from the city as Sicily while still in office – but afterwards. These are minor points. My largest doubt is whether in the period following 395, not too well attested by narrative sources, C. is overly influenced by the model he has destroyed in Chapter 3, of the civil war against Eugenius as a religious conflict (esp. pp. 187–95). He is right that the evidence adduced for widespread paganism among high office holders in the reign of Honorius is illusory, but his counterargument, essentially that the mere fact of being high office holders after 395 makes them likely to be Christians (which would certainly not have been true in 390), seems nearly as presumptuous, and out of kilter with the undramatic fizzling away of paganism that he persuasively presents elsewhere.</div>
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C. has given the thesis of aristocratic pagan resistance the treatment that Hercules gave the Hydra, though plenty of room for debate remains across the work’s full range, as already illustrated by a thoughtful collection of essays by distinguished Italian scholars (R. Lizzi Testa [ed.], <i>The Strange Death of Pagan Rome</i> [2014]). Some forceful responses have come in areas which might seem tangential, such as the <i>HA</i> or Flavianus’ <i>Annales</i> (see Paschoud’s review, op. cit., also reprised in Lizzi Testa). This book will stimulate much more besides in the coming decades. It offers a virtuosic breadth of coverage and approach that must in the end justify its length. It is also wonderfully readable – a fact which in part (whatever one might think of this feature otherwise) is down to the polemical tone.</div>
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-18622509371811676262014-12-02T22:47:00.001+00:002015-03-12T22:55:44.070+00:00Review of Salzman and Roberts, Symmachus Letters Book 1A review in <i>Classical Review </i>65.1 (2015), which has just been pre-published online (copyright, The Classical Association). [UPDATE: the page numbers in the published version are 161-163]<br />
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SYMMACHUS, LETTERS 1<br />
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SALZMAN (M.R.), ROBERTS ( M.) (trans.) <i>The Letters of </i><i>Symmachus: Book 1</i>. (Writings from the Greco-Roman World 30.) Pp. lxxii + 215. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. Paper, US $34.95. ISBN: 978-1-58983-597-9. doi:10.1017/S0009840X14002406<br />
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Symmachus must be a strong contender for the most important Latin author of Antiquity to lack an English translation; the first complete translation in any modern language, J.-P. Callu’s Budé edition, was only completed in 2009. Since Symmachus’ prose is often challenging and allusive, it is a huge advance to have an English version of any of his œuvre (fragments of eight speeches, nine complete books and one fragmentary book of letters, and the <i>Relationes </i>he wrote to the emperors as prefect of Rome in 384–5; only the <i>Relationes</i> have been previously published in English, by R.H. Barrow [1973]). S.’s new work, with R. as co-translator, is therefore very welcome. The translation comes with S.’s lengthy introduction, introductory sections for each correspondent and letter, and detailed annotation covering dating, literary references, social nuance and prosopography: this material is frequently acute and always sedulously referenced but, as we shall see, not always accurate enough. The commentary is more detailed than Callu’s, but less so than that of the Italian commentaries on Symmachus’ letters (which do not yet include Book 1). The letters and the problems arising are made accessible to Latinless readers (it is perhaps unhelpful that the <i>Relationes</i> are called ‘State Papers’ and Horace’s <i>Epistles </i>‘Letters’). However, a Latin text of each letter, based on Seeck and Callu, is included: this will be a convenience for scholarly readers. Though there is no apparatus, the more important variants are discussed in the notes.<br />
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The first book of letters is the most polished and interesting of Symmachus’ œuvre. Its 107 letters, mostly short, are organised by addressee. These are (1) the author’s father, Avianius Symmachus, prefect of Rome (=PVR) 364–365, who died as consul designate for 377; (2) the poet Ausonius, praetorian prefect (=PPo) 377–379, consul 379 (the book includes one letter each from Symmachus <i>père</i> and Ausonius); (3) Praetextatus, PVR 367–368, PPo 384, who died as consul designate for 385; (4) Petronius Probus, four times PPo between the 360s and 380s, consul 371; (5) Celsinus Titianus, the author’s brother, who died in office as Vicarius Africae, 380; (6) Hesperius, the son of Ausonius, PPo 377/8–380; (7) Antonius, PPo 376–378, consul 382; (8) Syagrius, PPo 380–381/2, consul 381. They are thus letters of the author’s youth (he was born in the first half of the 340s), all written before his urban prefecture, exclusively to family and high office holders. Some letters are literary (1.1–2, an exchange of verse compositions with his father; 1.14, praise of Ausonius’ poem on the river Mosel). Others have clear political agendas (1.13, praising the emperor Gratian’s first letter to the senate after his father’s death to its real author, Ausonius himself; 1.95, thanking Syagrius for the opportunity to read out news of imperial victories in the senate). Mostly, and especially in the second half of the book, he is studiously unrevealing: florid letters of recommendation and those simply keeping a correspondence going. The early date of the letters in Book 1, along with their disproportionately grand recipients, careful arrangement and conspicuous archaisms, led Callu in 1972 to conclude that Book 1 had been published by Symmachus in his lifetime. Two anepigraphic letters in Book 9, probably published long after Symmachus’ death, have been identified by S. Roda as addressed to Ausonius and Probus (9.88, included here, and 9.112, regrettably absent); Symmachus would have excluded them from Book 1 as inconsistent with his careful self-fashioning as his correspondents’ equal. S. supports and strengthens this consensus, also arguing that the structure of Books 1–7, of which the latter six were published posthumously by Symmachus’ son Memmius, was designed by Symmachus himself to reflect Varro’s <i>Hebdomades</i>.<br />
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The translation is generally very reliable and close to the Latin, with a particular sensitivity to the technical language of epistolary friendship (especially words like <i>religio </i>and <i>frater</i>, which do not have their usual meanings). Some minor corrigenda. At 1.1.3 l. 4, <i>regum praetoria rexi</i> is rendered ‘I ruled as the emperor’s praetorian’, which is too obscure even for verse: better to write ‘the emperors’ [pl.] praetorian prefect’. A line below, <i>fastūs</i>, pride, is translated as if it were <i>fastos</i>, calendar (actually, a reasonable emendation). At 9.88.3 word order should, I think, make <i>amice </i>an adverb. In 1.29 either the variant <i>vigeret </i>or Havet’s <i>vegeret </i>has been translated for the text’s <i>vergeret</i>. In 1.89.1, <i>aptata </i>has rightly been translated, but the text has <i>aptatam</i>.<br />
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A second impressive characteristic of this book lies in S.’s unfailingly insightful and illuminating portrayal of how these letters can serve as ‘windows into the social, political, and cultural landscape of the late fourth century’ (p. xvi). She makes real strides in nuancing Symmachus’ paganism, so often made the centrepiece of studies, and showing how far aristocratic culture tried to smooth over religious difference; she brings out details like Symmachus’ teasing of Praetextatus for preferring holidays to pontifical duties; she succeeds in making the superficially dull quite fascinating.<br />
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The book’s excellent qualities are marred, though not undermined, by a persistent flaw, that S. is not consistently accurate in dealing with the problems of chronology and prosopography. It must be acknowledged that no Symmachus scholar has ever been immune from error in these knotty and intractable areas; but too many errors have slipped through. For example, she reconstructs the fourth of Probus’ four prefectures, in Illyricum, Italy and Africa, as lasting from summer 383 to late 384 (p. 118), without noticing that she has allocated the same office to Praetextatus from May 384 until his death in December 384 (pp. 91–2; the death is ‘November or December’ on p. xxxv n. 113, but in fact, Cameron’s <i>Last Pagans</i> now confirms, as already argued by Cecconi, that Praetextatus probably died well before December). Other errors are contradicted by accurate statements of the facts elsewhere (suggesting that good editing should have caught them). For example, Gratian’s accession was 375 not 376 (p. 36; correct elsewhere). Ausonius was quaestor under Valentinian as well as Gratian (p. 36), so from 375 or earlier, but a start date of 376 is given at p. 164 and assumed in the dating of, for example, 1.28 (on a related note, <i>Ep</i>. 9.88, from the 360s, cannot possibly refer to his quaestorship, p. 37 n. 11). Symmachus <i>Or</i>. 5 was delivered not on 5 January 376 (p. xxx) but 9 January (correct elsewhere, including the footnote on the same page). Symmachus père was nominated consul for 377 but died before 1 January (correct on p. 1, <i>contra </i>p. 34 n. 1; but the inscription attesting gold statues of him is posthumous, from 377 not 376, p. xix). Symmachus’ brother Titianus died not in 381 (p. lii) but 380 (correct on p. xxxi and elsewhere). By S.’s reconstruction Syagrius was consul in 381, but for Ep. 1.102 he is suddenly only consul designate in that year (correct for the previous and following letters). The claim that in 394 Symmachus’ children ‘were married to the Nicomachi Flaviani’ (p. xli) is false: his daughter had wed the younger Flavianus but his son, a child in 394, did not marry into the family till 401 (rightly on p. xliv). Further prosopographical errors are more tangential. Olybrius (Probus’ father-in-law) is to be distinguished from his grandson of the same name (p. li n. 189). The Valentinus who was the dedicatee of the Codex Calendar of 354 would have been too old to be one of Symmachus' brothers (p. xx n.39). Further confusions involve the sequence of events in the coup that toppled Gratian in 383 (pp. 36, 146) and Jerome’s departure from Rome (p. lvii n. 212).<br />
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The pity of these and other slips is that S. makes numerous effective prosopographical points, and often improves on Callu in the dating of individual letters. However, perhaps because she has not got as deeply involved in these issues as she should, she has missed some open goals for dating various individual letters more precisely. Given the high quality of the translation, and the compelling picture of Symmachus and his social world, it would be excellent to have a second, improved edition; even without it, this is a valuable work.Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-14785045347363630032014-09-28T06:41:00.000+00:002014-09-28T06:48:46.022+00:00Mosaics of Time<span style="font-family: inherit;">A book review from <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History </i>65, 872-3<i> </i></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mosaics
of Time. The Latin Chronicle Tradition from the First Century BC to the Sixth
Century AD. 1. A Historical Introduction to the Chronicle Genre from its
Origins to the High Middle Ages</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;">. By
R.W. Burgess and Michael Kulikowski. Pp. xvi + 446. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013.
€100 (hbk). ISBN 978-2-503-53140-3.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
is the first of four projected volumes on the Latin chronicle tradition in the
Roman world. Although the surviving elements of that tradition are mostly late antique,
with Jerome the central figure, one of the main emphases of the authors is that
chronicle writing is a much enduring continuous tradition than those highlights
might imply, and one which it is misguided to see as intrinsically Christian. The
second, third, and fourth volumes will offer texts, translations and full
historical commentary, covering respectively the early Latin chronicle
tradition and </span><i>consularia</i><span style="font-size: small;">; Jerome and his continuators in Gaul and Spain; and
the last Latin chronicles of antiquity. Burgess is acknowledged as the first author
in terms of contribution as well as alphabetical order; and anyone familiar
with the accuracy and acuity of his previous work in this area (from </span><i>The
Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana </i><span style="font-size: small;">(1993) to the
collected pieces in </span><i>Chronicles, Consuls, and Coins </i><span style="font-size: small;">(2011)) will look
forward to the coming volumes, not only for providing reliable texts and
accessible translations, but also in revising our chronologies of the period:
the authors give notice that the fifth century will be particularly affected.
The present volume is an introduction different in purpose and broader in
scope. It aims to characterise the chronicle genre and place it in a wider
context reaching back beyond the Greek world to the ancient Near East, and
forward to medieval Europe. The authors start by carefully defining their terms,
arguing convincingly that confusion has arisen from the use of different
terminology in different periods (medievalists in particular are urged to mend
their ways). </span><i>Inter alia </i><span style="font-size: small;">they argue for the acceptance of </span><i>consularia </i><span style="font-size: small;">as
a subtype, for the abandonment of the term ‘annals’, and for the designation of
some longer works which are often called chronicles as </span><i>breviaria</i><span style="font-size: small;"> or epitomes .
Chapters 2 to 5 then cover the early history of the chronicle from third
millennium BC Egypt to the early Roman empire; Eusebius’ apologetic use of
chronography (a practice traced to pre-Christian models); Roman calendars and
</span><i>consularia</i>; and the late Roman chronicle. The last and longest chapter, drafted
by Kulikowski, is a remarkably wide-ranging treatment of the medieval chronicle
in both east and west down to Sigebert of Gembloux at the turn of the twelfth
century; a highlight is the spare summary of Burgess’ innovative conclusions on
the Irish chronicle tradition, to be published separately. Appendices follow,
including some which are spillover footnotes. This volume, notably readable
considering its comprehensiveness of reference and general complexity, is an
important moment in the study of the chronicle and historiography in general:
it deserves a wide readership among scholars of both the ancient and medieval
worlds.</span>Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-63328908386097381792014-07-03T11:57:00.002+00:002014-07-15T22:45:11.933+00:00Ammianus’ chapter headings, again<div class="MsoNormal">
I wrote a <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/ammianus-and-difference-between-chapter.html">post</a> a few years back about the chapter headings or <i>capitula </i>that are printed in texts of Ammianus’ history. These are not ancient, like some of those summaries of contents that are found in other texts of Roman antiquity, like Aulus Gellius’ <i>Noctes Atticae</i> or most works of Eusebius of Caesarea (by the authors themselves) or those transmitted in the manuscripts of Lucretius (the work of ancient readers); rather they are the work of the seventeenth-century editor Adrien de Valois (Hadrianus Valesius), in his <a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3ghCAAAAcAAJ">1681 revised edition</a> of his brother Henri de Valois’ text of 1636. I published the only article that anybody has ever devoted to these chapter headings in <i style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/204537/_Adrien_de_Valois_and_the_Chapter_Headings_in_Ammianus_Marcellinus_">Classical Philology </a></i><a href="https://www.academia.edu/204537/_Adrien_de_Valois_and_the_Chapter_Headings_in_Ammianus_Marcellinus_">104 (2009), 233-242</a>. Adrien did a pretty good job of summarizing the work, all told, but occasionally chapter headings report information which he had acquired from his own wider reading rather than necessarily representing what was reported in the text of Ammianus – in some cases leading scholars to think that something is found in the text when it is not, as I explained <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/ammianus-and-difference-between-chapter.html">previously</a>.<br />
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In that post I found another case where text and chapter heading are
inconsistent, and now I have found a couple of further examples in books 27
and 28. Chapter 9 of book 27 actually contains a few short reports of events in
different parts of the empire: north Africa, Isauria (in the mountains of
southern Turkey), and Rome: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Mauricae gentes Africam populantur. Isaurorum latrocinia Valens compescit. De Praetextati urbana praefectura </i>(‘Moorish tribes raid Africa. Valens quashes the brigandage of the Isaurians. On Praetextatus’ urban prefecture’).</blockquote>
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The problem with this? Well, in the years that the Isaurians carried
these raids, and in fact killed the Vicarius of Asiana (367-368), Valens was
far away fighting the Goths on the Danube. It was in his part of the empire, to
be sure, but he is never mentioned in the text and was wholly uninvolved. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
In chapter 2 of book 28, after describing the western emperor Valentinian’s fortification works on the Rhine, and a Roman military defeat at Mons Pirus in Germany, he describes the Maratocupreni in Syria: a group of bandits within the
Roman empire on the same lines as the Isaurians, though clearly a rather smaller group. Their most outrageous assault was to enter a city at nightfall disguised as a taxation official and his retinue, claiming that a wealthy
citizen had been sentenced to death and his goods confiscated; they gained access to his house and after murders and looting left before daybreak. As has been remarked, the success of the gambit is a sobering reminder of what
behaviour provincials thought was possible in imperial officials. Then the bandits are ambushed and massacred, including their children, and their village razed to the ground. The <i>capitulum </i>describes the events as follows: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
…<i>Maratocupreni grassatores in
Syria jussu Valentis Augusti cum liberis et vico suo deleti</i> (‘The
Maratocupreni, raiders in Syria, are destroyed along with their children and
their village on the orders of Valens Augustus’). </blockquote>
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Valens is not mentioned in this case, though he is perhaps referred to indirectly: as they returned home, <i>intercepti imperiali motu oppressi sunt</i> (‘they were surprised by an imperial manoeuvre and subdued’, 28.2.14: my text is slightly different from that printed by Valesius or indeed by the Teubner, but it makes no difference to the point at issue). The
adjective <i>imperialis</i> implies an action involving the participation of the Commander-in-chief, and Valens was in
fact in Syria in 370, the apparent date of these events. The massacre and extirpation did, therefore, presumably take place on Valens’ orders, and his involvement is attested in a passage of Libanius (<i>Or</i>. 48.36) quoted in Henri de Valois’ note—from a speech
unpublished when Valesius quoted it! But Ammianus nowhere explicitly mentions the fact that Valens visited Syria in the
summer of 370, and indeed he does not mention his name in this passage, even though the previous sections have been dealing with the doings of his brother Valentinian in the west. Adrien’s chapter heading, by contrast, emphasizes Valens’ agency.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What Adrien de Valois was seeking to do in these two cases was to
clarify his author’s narrative: he liked to make clear details such as the
precise rank held by officials, and in these two forays from accounts of
western events into eastern affairs, he introduces to his <i>capitula</i> the name of the eastern emperor. But in the first case the
eastern emperor had nothing to do with events, and in the second, the mention
of him, though clarifying the text, is out of sympathy with the author’s
intentions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The difference also points out what Ammianus is doing in his account of with
Valens. Narratives of western military affairs in the later books are full of
Valentinian’s involvement and planning alongside the successes and failures of
individual generals; Ammianus takes the western emperor’s military achievements
seriously, as modern scholars don’t always, and admires him for them. By
contrast, the account of Valens’ first Gothic war (27.5) is a derisively brief
account of uneventful and pointless campaigns; when serious military action
happens in the east during Valens’ reign it almost always involves his generals.
The emperor himself is only ever tangentially involved—and when he does get seriously
involved, at the battle of Adrianople in 378, calamity ensues. The absence of
Valens’ name in the account of the Maratocupreni in 28.2 – when he seems to
have taken brutal and effective action – is not an oversight, but an intentional
omission. <o:p></o:p></div>
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-33724322431177337022014-06-12T20:01:00.001+00:002014-06-12T20:02:32.992+00:00A review of Doug Lee's From Rome to ByzantiumFrom <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i> 2014.06.23 (12 June 2014)<br />
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A.D. Lee, <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome (Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome)</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. pp. xxii + 337. ISBN 978-0-7486-2790-5. £29.99 (paperback).
Gavin Kelly, University of Edinburgh (Gavin.Kelly@ed.ac.uk)<br />
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<a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9MI_qrQvcZ0C">Preview</a><br />
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This history of the Roman empire from the death of Julian to the death of Justinian is the eighth and final volume in the <i>Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome</i>, and the fifth to be published (we await volumes on early Rome and the empire from Tiberius to Commodus). (1) Each of the eight volumes is by a separate author, and while the General Editor, John Richardson, has not quite maintained the original plan of shepherding all eight to the press within two years, which would have been a miracle of scholarly husbandry, the overall achievement is nevertheless impressively efficient. The series places a stronger emphasis on chronologically ordered narrative than rivals with other publishers do. Covering the late Roman period, where in recent years social and religious change have received more scholarly attention than political and military history, this is welcome, and A.D. Lee, as the author of important studies on diplomacy, warfare, and religion in the period, is a well-qualified guide.<br />
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The work falls naturally into three smaller periods, each with different challenges for the historian: two well-attested and heavily studied ones – the post-Constantinian empire of the later fourth century, and the age of Justinian in the sixth century – and in between them the long fifth century, when eastern and western empires diverge and the sources become more lacunose and the historiographical problems greater, especially those surrounding the ending of Roman power in the west. Accordingly, following a scene-setting chapter on ‘The Constantinian Inheritance’, Lee divides the work into three chronologically organized Parts (I. ‘The later fourth century’, II. ‘The long fifth century’, IV. ‘The age of Justinian’) and one diachronic Part (III. ‘Longer term trends’).<br />
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Part I, ‘The later fourth century’, covers the period 363-395. Though the starting date is presumably an imposition of the series, Lee makes the case for the division of the empire between Valentinian and Valens in 364 rather than that between the sons of Theodosius in 395 as being the fundamental moment of separation of east and west (one can see it prefigured long before, of course). This part begins with chapters on political and military history (2. ‘Emperors, usurpers and frontiers’), one on religious history (3. ‘Towards a Christian empire’): the division of political and religious topics into successive chapters is maintained in all three narrative parts of the book, and works reasonably well. The bias of chapters on religion throughout is towards what might be called ecclesiastical history (emperors, heresies, councils, anti-pagan legislation) above the more fashionable sociological approaches to religion, though Lee is by no means blind to the latter. The third chapter of the section focuses on Rome and New Rome, which also offers the opportunity to treat the senatorial aristocracy.<br />
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Part II (‘The long fifth century’), covers 395 to 527, and its chronological breadth leads to a more thematic treatment overall. The first chapter of the section (5. ‘Generalissimos and imperial courts’) boldly combines the different trajectories of east and west in the first half of the fifth century, and is followed by chapters on ‘Barbarians and Romans’ and on ‘Church and state, piety and power’ (again, primarily ecclesiastical history, though with a few pages on holy men). The last two chapters of the section treat the resurgent east and the post-Roman west separately (8. ‘Anastasius and the resurrection of imperial power’, 9. ‘Rome’s heirs in the west’). Lee chooses to include some highly insightful pages on the emperor Justin (519-527) in the ‘long fifth century’ section, deliberately resisting the trend, begun by Procopius, of treating his reign as an overture to his nephew’s.<br />
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In Part III, on ‘Longer term trends’, Lee’s themes of choice are urbanism and the economy, both of which enable broad geographical coverage over the longer durée. A subsection on ‘education and culture is included in the cities chapter. Part IV, ‘The Age of Justinian’, comprises once again separate chapters on politics and religion (12. ‘Justinian and the Roman past’, 13 ‘Justinian and the Christian present’) and finally a relatively short closural chapter that includes the briefest flashforward to the turmoil of the great war against Persia and the Arab invasions of the seventh century. A slightly later formal terminus might have worked, though I have no quarrel with 565; on the other hand it is welcome that the series as a whole takes the story into the sixth century and avoids the traditional trap of identifying the end of Roman rule in the west with the end of the Roman world in either west or east.<br />
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The book has many virtues. Accuracy, as Housman remarked, is a duty not a virtue, but Lee is extremely accurate in comparison to some of his competitors. The only errors I spotted were trivial or arguable ones (p. 45: is it not anachronistic to think of Thessalonica, a city of the Illyrican prefecture, as being ‘eastern’ when Theodosius moved there in 379-80? It had been ruled by western emperors since 317 and only became attached to the east long term in the 390s). University students must surely comprise the majority of the target audience and Lee does not forget the book’s didactic purpose. Scholarly quarrels are generally kept out of the text (a prudent exception being explicit discussion of the controversy between Goffart and others on barbarian settlements in Chapter 6), but the footnotes tend to highlight stimulating and up-to-date works, not solely though predominantly Anglophone, in a manner that bright students will be able to make excellent use of (this is particularly welcome when many ancient history textbooks either lack annotation at all, or only have endnotes – hardly a good example if students are expected to produce properly referenced work themselves). Illustration is not lavish, but there are twenty-two well-chosen, well photographed and well-captioned pictures, as well as eight maps, not all as good as they might be: the larger-scale ones cut off Britain and pointlessly include most of the Sahara; those showing provinces lack boundary lines.<br />
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My one reservation about the book arises from a decision which was presumably not Lee's: that the last volume of this multi-author history should cover a period of over 200 years. I have no argument with the terminus, as I have said, but it is striking that the previous volume in the series covered a mere eighty years, and the one before that (dealing with the third century, the worst attested period in imperial history), ninety years. A great deal of material is crammed into 300 odd pages, but to balance the other volumes in the series it would have worked better to divide the period into two or even three volumes. Lee has space to introduce some interests of his own beyond what <i>had</i> to be covered, but I cannot help feeling that a more detailed canvas would have given the work a greater degree of individual flair to go along with its undoubted authority. He foregrounds both familiar and unfamiliar source texts from the period, but discussion of them is usually curt; there could have been more on the practice of administration, among many examples. In short, a fine achievement, but I wish it were longer.<br />
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1. The first seven volumes in the series are as follows: 1. Guy Bradley, <i>Early Rome to 290 BC: The Beginnings of the City and the Rise of the Republic</i> (forthcoming); 2. Nathan Rosenstein, <i>Rome and the Mediterranean 290 to 146 BC: The Imperial Republic</i> (2012), reviewed at <i>BMCR </i><a href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-05-13.html">2014.05.13</a>; 3. Catherine Steel, <i>The End of the Roman Republic 146 BC to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis</i> (2013), 4. J.S. Richardson, <i> Augustan Rome 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire</i> (2012), reviewed at <i>BMCR </i><a href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2012/2012-09-45.html">2012.09.45</a>; 5. Jonathan Edmondson, <i>Imperial Rome AD 14 to 192: The First Two Centuries</i> (forthcoming); 6. Clifford Ando, <i>Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century</i> (2012, reviewed at <i>BMCR </i><a href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2012/2012-11-31.html">2012.11.31</a>), 7. Jill Harries, <i>Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire </i>(2012).
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-72777149513027330182014-02-21T22:31:00.000+00:002014-02-22T12:25:04.628+00:00Trevor-Roper, Ammianus, and Gibbon<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been reading Hugh Trevor-Roper’s <i>Wartime Journals</i>
(ed. Richard Davenport-Hines, London 2012): in fact more of an autobiographical
commonplace-book or collection of pensées. Here is one entry from 1940/41 –
written when he was working for the intelligence services from an office in
Wormwood Scrubs (p. 39-40):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
At a crisis in the history of
Rome, to ease the pressure, the authorities commanded all professors to leave
the beleaguered city, but kept back a large number of chorus girls. This seems
like a reasonable measure to provide for the necessary refreshment of the
defending troops; but since history is more often written by professors than by
chorus girls, it has been most unfairly condemned.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The ultimate source of the story is clearly Ammianus
Marcellinus’ first Roman digression (14.6.19):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Postremo ad id indignitatis est
uentum,/ ut cum peregrini ob formidatam haut ita dudum alimentorum
inopiam/ pellerentur ab urbe praecipites,/ sectatoribus
disciplinarum liberalium impendio paucis/ sine respiratione ulla
extrusis,/ tenerentur mimarum asseculae<span style="font-size: x-small;">/ </span>ueri, quique id
simularunt ad tempus,/<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>et tria milia saltatricum/ ne
interpellata quidem cum choris/ totidemque remanerent magistris.<sup> </sup></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Lastly things have reached such a pitch of unseemliness that,
when quite recently foreigners were driven headlong from the city on the
grounds of a feared shortage of provisions, devotees of the liberal arts, who
were very few in number, were bundled out with no breathing-space, but
mime-artists’ attendants were kept on (both the real ones and those who
pretended to be temporarily), and three thousand dancers
stayed behind without even being interrupted, along with their choruses and the
same number of trainers.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The situation
is not wartime but a food shortage in the year 383 or 384. What prompted this
garbled version of Ammianus’ anecdote? Trevor-Roper is most unlikely to have encountered Ammianus' history in the Classical syllabus that he had studied at
Oxford before changing to early modern history, or in his abundant reading
beyond the syllabus. The source is surely his favourite prose model,
Gibbon, misremembered. Chapter 31 of the <i>Decline and Fall</i> contains a brilliant
adaptation of Ammianus' two Roman digressions, in order to ‘produce an authentic
state of Rome and its inhabitants which is more peculiarly applicable to the
period of the Gothic invasions’. The passage is reworked not within Gibbon’s
paraphrase of Ammianus but a page or two later:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
…the vast and magnificent theatres of Rome were filled by three
thousand female dancers, and by three thousand singers, with the masters of the
respective choruses. Such was the popular favour which they enjoyed, that, in a
time of scarcity, when all strangers were banished from the city, the merit of
contributing to the public pleasures exempted <i>them </i>from a law which was
strictly executed against the professors of the liberal arts.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was the
mildly anachronistic placement of the passage in Gibbon immediately before the
sack of Rome by the Goths that spurred Trevor-Roper to adapt the passage to his
own situation: a cynical young Oxford don, full of contempt for professors (who are not of course the same as Ammianus’ <i>sectatores </i>of the liberal arts); in an imperial
capital in a desperate state of siege by a Germanic foe; when all the London
universities had in fact been evacuated – and chorus girls had not. <o:p></o:p></div>
Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7147831407177570940.post-84802786815422447142013-10-15T23:07:00.001+00:002021-07-20T08:17:27.887+00:00The Dutch Ammianus Commentary, Books 27 and 28A review from the <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 103 (2013), 351-3. The Dutch Commentators continue on outstanding form, and to produce their commentary at high speed.<br />
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J. DEN BOEFT, J. W. DRIJVERS, D. DEN HENGST and H. C. TEITLER, <i>PHILOLOGICAL AND </i><i>HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS XXVII</i>. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. xxxiv + 347. ISBN 9789004180376. €127.00.</div>
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J. DEN BOEFT, J. W. DRIJVERS, D. DEN HENGST and H. C. TEITLER, <i>PHILOLOGICAL AND </i><i>HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS XXVIII</i>. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Pp. xxxv + 364. ISBN 9789004215993. €130.00.</div>
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The Dutch Ammianus commentary is a glorious example of collaborative scholarship. Three of the <i>quadriga Batavorum</i> have been working together since the commentary on Book 20 in 1987; the fourth, Drijvers, has been on the team since Book 22 in 1995. With the three original authors in retirement, the frequency of volumes has increased and is now regularly biennial. It is only four years since <a href="http://ausonius.blogspot.co.uk/search?updated-max=2009-11-08T12:53:00Z&max-results=10&start=10&by-date=false">my review of Books 25 and 26</a> in <i>JRS</i> 2009, and it is not unlikely that Book 29 will beat this review into press and that the two remaining books will be achieved by 2017. Before any disagreements uttered in this review, it should be said that the achievement is magnificent, a model of linguistic, literary, and historical learning; this work will be consulted with profit for generations. And before a review focusing mainly on chronology and textual criticism, it should be emphasized that the authors’ coverage is wide-ranging — from the nuances of Latin particles through subtleties of characterization to detailed questions of topography — and the bibliography comprehensive.</div>
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Book 26 described the accessions of the brothers Valentinian and Valens in February and March 364 and their subsequent division of the empire, going down to Valens’ suppression of the eastern usurper Procopius in May 366. It also introduced a new narrative principle (26.5.15): that to avoid confusion in readers the organization would be geographical, rather than leaping from place to place to preserve chronological precision. This principle (in which many later historians’ narratives of these reigns have followed Ammianus, including Gibbon, Seeck, and Blockley in <i>CAH</i> XIII) does not greatly affect the reader in Book 26, but Books 27 and 28 see it fully in action. Previously the actions of emperors or campaigns have been described year by year, but Book 27 focuses on events starting roughly between A.D. 365 and 368, including <i>inter alia</i> the German campaigns of Valentinian’s generals in A.D. 365–366 (1–2) and Valentinian himself in A.D. 368 (10), Valentinian’s promotion of his eight-year-old son Gratian as a third Augustus in A.D. 367, along with some criticisms of Valentinian’s cruelty (6–7), Valens’ war on the Goths from A.D. 367 to the treaty in early 370 (5), a sketch of Petronius Probus as praetorian prefect of Illyricum (no chronological indications in the text, but he was in ofce from A.D. 368 to 375/6) (11), and events in Armenia from A.D. 367 to 370 (12). It is hard to overstate how much this differs from the pattern of previous extant books. In Book 28, narrative blocs cover a still wider temporal expanse. Though the heart of the book treats campaigns of A.D. 369 and 370 (28.2, 3, 5), 28.1 describes the trials of Roman senators for magic and adultery between about A.D. 369 and 374, with a ash forward to the punishment of the prosecutors in A.D. 376, the year after Valentinian’s death, which brings a formal end to Ammianus’ coverage of western events; 28.6 describes the travails of the province of Tripolitania from barbarian attacks and the corruption of the military who failed to protect them, a sequence of events beginning as early as A.D. 363 and again with repercussions well after Valentinian’s death.</div>
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Chronology, then, is the largest single problem in these books, and is given fteen or so pages in each introduction as well as copious discussion ad loc. On the whole, the commentators show exemplary good sense and clarity, balancing the evidence of Ammianus against that from other authors and from dated constitutions in the Theodosian Code. Good examples are the painstaking examination of the end of the Gothic war in 27.5, Theodosius’ British campaigns in 27.8 and 28.3, and Roman and Persian interactions with Armenia in 27.12; in the latter they engage with the Armenian historiographical tradition and use the new chronology that Noel Lenski set out in the authors’ edited book <i>Ammianus after Julian</i> (2007). In a few places, they can be mildly corrected. In 28.6.30, they place the final fizzling out at Milan of the legal battle between the province of Tripolitania and the comes Romanus at a time after Gratian’s court moved there from Trier in A.D. 379. They are surely fundamentally right in arguing for a late date and an extended process — but in fact the court did not move to Milan until A.D. 381 (see Barnes in <i>Ant. Tard.</i> 7 (1999), not cited). The most difficult section in chronological terms is certainly 28.1, the Roman trials, instigated by the odious upstart Maximinus as prefect of the annona and <i>vicarius </i>of Rome and continued under subsequent <i>vicarii </i>when Maximinus had become praetorian prefect of Gaul. Their thorough treatment of the chronology on the whole follows Barnes, who demonstrated that most of the perceived confusions in Ammianus’ account arise from a misdating of Maximinus’ promotion to prefect.</div>
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Other questions surround the beginning of the trials, and their end. At 28.1.1, Ammianus dates the trials <i>anno sexto decimo et eo diutius post Nepotiani exitium</i>: the bloodshed associated with the killing in Rome of the usurper Nepotianus in June 350 had been the last major disaster to befall the Roman aristocracy. The sixteenth year would be A.D. 365/366, but all the other indications in Ammianus’ text and outside it point to c. 369/70. It is a pity that they do not give more serious consideration to Barnes’ suggestion of emending<i> sexto decimo</i> to <i>uicesimo</i>, 16 to 20. Their reluctance is perhaps understandable, as Barnes’ solution seems drastic, and Ammianus is certainly capable of errors in chronology (the worst by far, well-illustrated by the commentators, at 27.7.1). However, his text is also capable of serious corruption, as they demonstrate elsewhere, and if numerals were used in the transmission, for which there is evidence, xx and xvi could easily be confused (Barnes also offers xxi as a possibility). The overall sense must be ‘in the nth year after Nepotianus’ death and lasting beyond it’, which works far better if n = 20, since the chapter
describes events from A.D. 369 to the mid-370s: <i>et eo diutius</i> is not, as implied on p. xvi and ad 28.1.1, a cover against possible criticism (is the suggestion that Ammianus gave a precise chronological indicator but suspected it was wrong?).</div>
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The date of the last trials, those of Aginatius and Anepsia under the vicarius Doryphorianus, is debated. Ammianus’ narrative clearly implies that Doryphorianus entered ofce and that the executions took place before the death of Valentinian on 17 November 375: since his predecessor Simplicius is attested in office on 23 March 374, the date must lie between those termini. The commentators point to a letter of the emperor Gratian from A.D. 379 (<i>Collectio Avellana</i> 13.3) which refers to an earlier letter he had written to Simplicius as <i>vicarius</i>, who they argue must have remained in office after Valentinian’s death. However, since Gratian had been Augustus since A.D. 367, it could have been written under his father’s authority but included his name in the heading. The commentators claim ad 1.53 that ‘when citing constitutions issued when he was a minor member of the imperial college, [Gratian] attributed these explicitly to his father’ (they cite <i>CTh </i>1.6.8, 16.6.2, and 16.7.3) and conclude that the final trials belong after Valentinian’s death. However, all of these citations come in lists of earlier legislation, and it is not hard to find counter examples: <i>CTh </i>10.19.8 (1 March 376) and 16.5.4 (probably 18 April 376) are constitutions from very soon after Valentinian’s death in which Gratian refers back to previous legislation using the first person plural, and though that legislation is lost, chronology means that it should belong to his father’s reign. So there is no reason to doubt Ammianus’ implications that the trials belonged exclusively in Valentinian’s reign — and indeed Ammianus would be guilty either of serious error or an extraordinary and wilful deceit if the authors’ chronology were correct on this point.</div>
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The most unequivocally successful aspects of the commentaries are philological: in explaining usage, in detailing intertextuality, in exploring the nuances of pronouns they cannot be bettered. There are many fresh observations, including at 28.4.21 the fact that editors have printed a sentence with no main verb, simply two present participles: perhaps an authorial error? I turn to their textual choices. As in the previous volumes, Den Boeft et al. diverge frequently from the standard Teubner edition of Seyfarth from which they take their lemmata. I counted over sixty divergences, excluding patently corrupt and lacunose passages where they reject overly optimistic attempts at rescue (there is a marked increase in such passages in Book 28). At only three points, by my count, do they vindicate the manuscript reading of the Vaticanus against other readings printed by Seyfarth (27.1.2, 28.2.4, 28.4.28); at another dozen they argue for readings of Gelenius’ edition of 1533, which may represent either the readings of the lost Hersfeldensis or simply his conjectural acumen. In just over forty they argue for the conjectures of others (ten by Petschenig, six by Henri de Valois), and they make about ten conjectures of their own (personally I would alter his text still further). In half a dozen or so cases where they disagree with Seyfarth, Ammianus’ prose rhythm, which is remarkably regular, is mentioned as favouring their change, but in another half dozen cases, they do not mention the fact that their solutions repair the rhythm. At 27.7.7 their solution breaks the cursus, but justifiably, given Ammianus’ practice in pithy excerpts of direct speech. There are also places where cursus should have been taken into account and was not: at 27.4.10 in favour of Clark’s <i>defluentem</i>; at 27.7.9 perhaps tipping the balance in favour of Adrien de Valois’ <i>efficere</i> rather than Madvig’s <i>effici</i>; at 28.1.37 as an obstacle to their proposed punctuation. Whereas some of their disagreements attest Seyfarth’s perverse conservatism more than their good judgement, there are countless astute choices and some outstanding conjectures: at 28.1.22 <i>tutus</i> for V’s <i>tectus</i>, while rescuing the ms reading <i>tectius </i>a line before; at 28.1.47 <i>coartato </i>for V’s <i>contracto </i>makes lurid sense of a Roman matron’s suicide by self-suffocation. Of course, my focus on emendation does not mean that they do not just as often explain the unexplained: for example by identifying <i>eiusdem </i>in 28.1.27 as Lollianus mentioned in 28.1.26 (the two sentences therefore should form a single paragraph). I read through the commentaries while writing a translation of the two books, and can rarely remember learning as much about Latin in as short a time.</div>
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A few minor corrigenda. 27.3.9: Gelenius’ reading is not <i>fremitu </i>but <i>fremituque</i>; 27.3.15: lemma and commentary have been accidentally duplicated from 27.4.14; 27.5.9: Augustus’ grandson Gaius Caesar is confused with his namesake and nephew the emperor Caligula; 27.6.2: the emperor Gratian is better described as ‘assassinated’ than ‘executed’; 27.12.2: the praetorian prefect ‘Sallustius’ (or to be precise, Saloustios) described in John Lydus, <i>Mag</i>. 3.51.6–52.4 should have been identied with Saturninius Secundus <i>Salutius</i>; 28.2.10: the villa Murocincta, normally identified as Parndorf near Vienna, is certainly nowhere near Sirmium. The authors probably assume that readers will have a critical text, but if they do not, they will not realize that at 27.2.6 <i>insueta</i> is the reading of Accursius and Gelenius, not C. F. W. Müller’s conjecture; at 28.2.4 <i>His</i> is not added in Gelenius’ edition but is a conjecture by Müller; and at 28.1.38 Valesius’ conjecture <i>implacabilitate</i> is anticipated by the scribe of manuscript E.</div>
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Gavin Kellyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10662022190390636175noreply@blogger.com0